{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:30:59Z","timestamp":1783434659616,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["C53C22000840001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C53C22000840001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["696295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["696295"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["C53C22000840001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C53C22000840001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["696295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["696295"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["C53C22000840001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C53C22000840001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["696295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["696295"]}]},{"name":"joint actions of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS and FACCE-JPI","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}]},{"name":"joint actions of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS and FACCE-JPI","award":["C53C22000840001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C53C22000840001"]}]},{"name":"joint actions of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS and FACCE-JPI","award":["696295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["696295"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aim: Cereals\u2019 iron content is a major contributor to dietary iron intake in Europe and a potential for biofortification. A simulation of daily iron intake from wheat and rice over the next 20 years will be quantified. Methods: Food items, and energy and iron intake by age classes are estimated using the Italian dietary survey (IV SCAI). Iron intake and adequacy estimation trends were categorized in four scenarios compared to a baseline (basic scenario; only climate change effects): over wheat and rice biofortification effects (scenario 1); over the shift in whole wheat consumption of up to 50% of the total amount of wheat-based foods (scenario 2); over the shift in brown rice consumption up to 100% of the total amount of rice (scenario 3); over the cumulative effects of biofortifications and whole wheat and brown rice consumption (scenario 4). Results: Increasing the iron intake from wheat and rice biofortification and the shift in whole wheat consumption is similar and sufficient to recover the baseline iron depletion effect due to climate change. The shift in brown rice consumption produces a negligible increment in iron intake. The cumulative effects of the corrective actions considered in the scenarios can significantly reduce the iron intake inadequacy, despite not reaching the recommended levels. Conclusions: Corrective actions including biofortification and whole grain consumption are still far from ensuring the full recovery in children and females of fertile age as at-risk groups of iron deficiency. Further actions are needed considering other biofortified food sources, fortified foods, and\/or dietary food diversification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T03:21:23Z","timestamp":1732764083000},"page":"4097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation of Daily Iron Intake by Actual Diet Considering Future Trends in Wheat and Rice Biofortification, Environmental, and Dietary Factors: An Italian Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7424-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Benvenuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Riso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3318-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Crosatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d\u2019Arda, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1250-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Losa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via Paullese 28, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Martone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8298-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cattivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d\u2019Arda, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: A systematic literature review","volume":"71","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on iron and its importance for human health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hallberg, L., and Asp, N.G. (1996). Iron Nutrition in Health and Disease, John Libbey."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2004). Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition, WHO. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2010). Iron and Health, The Stationery Office."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.050609","article-title":"The absorption of iron from whole diets: A systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Collings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies) (2015). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iron. EFSA J., 13, 4254.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4254"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.816937","article-title":"The third National Food Consumption Survey, INRAN-SCAI 2005-06: Major dietary sources of nutrients in Italy","volume":"64","author":"Sette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, M., Benvenuti, L., Rossi, L., De Santis, A., Sette, S., Martone, D., Piccinelli, R., Le Donne, C., Leclercq, C., and Turrini, A. (2020). Could Dietary Goals and Climate Change Mitigation Be Achieved Through Optimized Diet? The Experience of Modeling the National Food Consumption Data in Italy. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00048"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab373","article-title":"Modeled healthy eating patterns are largely constrained by currently estimated requirements for bioavailable iron and zinc-a diet optimization study in French adults","volume":"115","author":"Dussiot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brouns, F. (2022). Phytic Acid and Whole Grains for Health Controversy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010025"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2022.103473","article-title":"Mainstreaming grain zinc and iron concentrations in CIMMYT wheat germplasm","volume":"105","author":"Govindan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2004.10408573","article-title":"Triticum dicoccoides: An important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat","volume":"50","author":"Cakmak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-007-9417-z","article-title":"Grain zinc, iron and protein concentrations and zinc-efficiency in wild emmer wheat under contrasting irrigation regimes","volume":"306","author":"Peleg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-021-04013-8","article-title":"The grain quality of wheat wild relatives in the evolutionary context","volume":"135","author":"Zeibig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, J., Zhao, C., Sun, M., Fu, L., Song, J., Liu, D., Zhang, Y., Zheng, J., Pu, Z., and Liu, L. (2022). High resolution genome wide association studies reveal rich genetic architectures of grain zinc and iron in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.840614"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alomari, D.Z., Eggert, K., von Wir\u00e9n, N., Polley, A., Plieske, J., Ganal, M.W., Liu, F., Pillen, K., and R\u00f6der, M.S. (2019). Whole-Genome Association Mapping and Genomic Prediction for Iron Concentration in Wheat Grains. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010076"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-018-0183-3","article-title":"Millets: A solution to agrarian and nutritional challenges","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2008.12.010","article-title":"Phytate and mineral elements concentration in a collection of Italian durum wheat cultivars","volume":"111","author":"Ficco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Field Crop Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velu, G., Singh, R.P., Crespo-Herrera, L., Juliana, P., Dreisigacker, S., Valluru, R., Stangoulis, J., Sohu, V.S., Mavi, G.S., and Mishra, V.K. (2018). Genetic dissection of grain zinc concentration in spring wheat for mainstreaming biofortification in CIMMYT wheat breeding. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31951-z"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2008.07.002","article-title":"Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2008.11.007","article-title":"Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.09.030","article-title":"Genetic impact of Rht dwarfing genes on grain micronutrients concentration in wheat","volume":"214","author":"Velu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Field Crop Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16097","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.97","article-title":"Is modern wheat bad for health?","volume":"2","author":"Shewry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (2007). Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.006","article-title":"Crop responses to elevated CO2 and interactions with H2O, N, and temperature","volume":"31","author":"Kimball","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2016.03.016","article-title":"Increasing atmospheric CO2 modifies durum wheat grain quality and pasta cooking quality","volume":"69","author":"Fares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2008.07.006","article-title":"Atmospheric CO2 enrichment affects potatoes: 2. Tuber quality traits","volume":"30","author":"Hogy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.01.105","article-title":"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration affects mineral nutrient and protein concentration of wheat grain","volume":"133","author":"Fernando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.012","article-title":"Mineral composition of durum wheat grain and pasta under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations","volume":"242","author":"Beleggia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13179","article-title":"Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition","volume":"510","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e02245","article-title":"Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO2 depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition","volume":"3","author":"Loladze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-00195-4","article-title":"Narrowing uncertainties in the effects of elevated CO2 on crops","volume":"1","author":"Toreti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12361","article-title":"Improving wheat as a source of iron and zinc for global nutrition","volume":"44","author":"Balk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2006.00841.x","article-title":"Multiple QTL-effects of wheat Gpc-B1 locus on grain protein and micronutrient concentrations","volume":"129","author":"Distelfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20759","article-title":"Breeding increases grain yield, zinc, and iron, supporting enhanced wheat biofortification","volume":"62","author":"Govindan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac499","article-title":"A two-gene strategy increases iron and zinc concentrations in wheat flour, improving mineral bioaccessibility","volume":"191","author":"Harrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-016-2808-x","article-title":"Rice NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE 2 expression improves dietary iron and zinc levels in wheat","volume":"130","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164363","article-title":"Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat","volume":"323","author":"Battisti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"171","article-title":"Climate change impacts on rice (Oryza sativa) productivity and strategies for its sustainable management","volume":"89","author":"Kingra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2020.1739303","article-title":"The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] on micronutrient concentration, specifically iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in rice; a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Chumley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.02.018","article-title":"Elevated CO2 and heat stress interactions affect grain yield, quality and mineral nutrient composition in rice under field conditions","volume":"206","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaq1012","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaq1012","article-title":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2009.07.004","article-title":"Rice caryopsis structure in relation to distribution of micronutrients (iron, zinc, \u03b2-carotene) of rice cultivars including transgenic indica rice","volume":"177","author":"Sellappan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265110321S105","article-title":"Biofortification: A new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition","volume":"32","author":"Bouis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00905-8","article-title":"Biofortification\u2019s contribution to mitigating micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14936","article-title":"Breeding and adoption of biofortified crops and their nutritional impact on human health","volume":"1520","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19020-4","article-title":"Multiplying the efficiency and impact of biofortification through metabolic engineering","volume":"11","author":"Bhullar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103280","article-title":"A framework to achieve sustainability in manufacturing organisations of developing economies using industry 4.0 technologies\u2019 enablers","volume":"122","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650002100407","article-title":"Breeding for trace mineral density in rice","volume":"21","author":"Gregorio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.12.2823","article-title":"Iron-biofortified rice improves the iron stores of nonanemic Filipino women","volume":"135","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.054","article-title":"Mapping QTLs and candidate genes for iron and zinc concentrations in unpolished rice of Madhukar\u00d7 Swarna RILs","volume":"508","author":"Anuradha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Descalsota, G.I., Swamy, B.M., Zaw, H., Inabangan-Asilo, M.A., Amparado, A., Mauleon, R., Chadha-Mohanty, P., Arocena, E.C., Raghavan, C., and Leung, H. (2018). Genome-wide association mapping in a rice MAGIC plus population detects QTLs and genes useful for biofortification. Front. Plant Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01347"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.02.001","article-title":"Nutritional enhancement of rice for human health: The contribution of biotechnology","volume":"31","author":"Bhullar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-015-0404-0","article-title":"NOD promoter-controlled AtIRT1 expression functions synergistically with NAS and FERRITIN genes to increase iron in rice grains","volume":"90","author":"Boonyaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L\u2019analisi dell\u2019Economia Agrarian-Centro di Ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Aid, T., Stefania, S., Cinzia, L.D., Laura, D.A., Raffaela, P., Laura, D.A., Lorenza, M., Marika, F., and Giovina, C. (2021). Italian National Dietary Survey on Children Population from Three Months up to Nine Years Old. EFSA Support. Publ., 18, 7087E.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2021.EN-7087"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L\u2019analisi dell\u2019Economia Agrarian-Centro di Ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Aid, T., Cinzia, L.D., Raffaela, P., Laura, D.A., Lorenza, M., Stefania, S., Deborah, M., Javier, C.A.F., and Marika, F. (2022). Italian national dietary survey on adult population from 10 up to 74 years old\u2014IV SCAI ADULT. EFSA Support. Publ., 19, 7559E.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2022.EN-7559"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Nutrizione Umana (SINU) (2014). Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed Energia per la Popolazione Italiana (LARN), SICS. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156000","article-title":"Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe","volume":"106","author":"Milman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1344","article-title":"Dietary iron intakes in men in Europe are distinctly above the recommendations: A review of 39 National Studies from 20 countries in the period 1995\u20132016","volume":"13","author":"Milman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005035","article-title":"The Italian National Food Consumption Survey INRAN SCAI 2005-06: Main results in terms of food consumption","volume":"12","author":"Leclercq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0253-3","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neufingerl, N., and Eilander, A. (2022). Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010029"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_65.1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1923-1994. Erratum in Lancet 2019, 393, 132"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_65.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erratum in Lancet 2019, 393, e44.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31048-7"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12728","article-title":"Health benefits of whole grain: Effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing","volume":"20","author":"Seal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1097-5","article-title":"Intakes of whole grain in an Italian sample of children, adolescents and adults","volume":"56","author":"Sette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meynier, A., Chanson-Roll\u00e9, A., and Riou, E. (2020). Main factors influencing whole grain consumption in children and adults\u2014A narrative review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082217"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100312S206","article-title":"A review of phytate, iron, zinc and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implication for bioavailability","volume":"31","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bullettin"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827616682933","article-title":"Iron Status of Vegetarian Adults: A Review of Literature","volume":"12","author":"Pawlak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2023, October 18). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, Available online: https:\/\/www.eatforhealth.gov.au\/nutrient-reference-values\/nutrients\/iron."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garret, C.L., Luthringer, C.L., Yetley, E.A., and Neufeld, L.M. (2019). Food fortification Policy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100596-5.22068-4"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Dary, O., and Hurrell, R. (2006). Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, J., and Wani, S.H. (2021). Biofortification of Rice Grains for Increased Iron Content. Rice Improvement: Physiological, Molecular Breeding and Genetic Perspectives, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66530-2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118002847","article-title":"Iron biofortification interventions to improve iron status and functional outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.01.003","article-title":"Iron-biofortified staple food crops for improving iron status: A review of the current evidence","volume":"44","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2014). Guidance on the EU Menu methodology. EFSA J., 12, 3944.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3944"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:41:11Z","timestamp":1760114471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16234097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16234097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}