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This study explored the effects of \u03c9-3 fatty acid supplementation on T lymphocyte polarization in Wistar (WT) and GK rats. Methods: They were administered \u03c9-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil (FO) containing eicosapentaenoic (540 mg\/g) and docosahexaenoic acids (100 mg\/g) by oral gavage at 2 g\/kg, thrice a week for 8 weeks. The control groups (WT CT and GK CT) received the same volume of water. The following groups were investigated: GK CT, n = 14; GK \u03c9-3, n = 15; Wistar CT, n = 15; and Wistar \u03c9-3, n = 11. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were performed. Fasting plasma insulinemia and glycemia were measured. After euthanasia, the lymphocytes were extracted from the mesenteric lymph nodes. Results: The results showed that GK rats supplemented with FO had significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (kITT). It also promoted greater polarization of lymphocytes toward T regulatory (Treg) features and a reduction in Th1 and Th17 profiles. Additionally, the GK \u03c9-3 group exhibited lower cell proliferation, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased IL-10 levels compared to the GK control. Conclusions: In conclusion, FO supplementation benefited GK rats by improving glucose intolerance, suppressing insulin resistance, and modulating lymphocytes toward Treg polarization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T05:19:39Z","timestamp":1732771179000},"page":"4106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Omega-3 Fatty Acids Weaken Lymphocyte Inflammatory Features and Improve Glycemic Control in Nonobese Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1100-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Bertola","family":"Lobato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvirah Samantha de Sousa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0053-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Nancy","family":"Iser-Bem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"},{"name":"National Commercial Learning Service (SENAC), S\u00e3o Paulo 01102-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3207-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique de Souza","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Mand\u00fa","family":"Gimenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina Ribeiro Barbosa","family":"Pauferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glayce Tavares","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9325-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilana Souza","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Gomes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elizabeth 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dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Janaina Leite de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Leonardo Sousa","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Cristina","family":"Levada-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia Cristina","family":"Pithon-Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laureane Nunes","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Educantion Center, Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro Massao","family":"Hirabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Gorj\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul 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