{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:13:11Z","timestamp":1788966791220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009092","name":"Vice-rectorate for the Promotion of R+D+I at the University of Alicante","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRE21-10A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRE21-10A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Unhealthy dietary habits are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases and may contribute to increased mortality in all countries of the world. Food environments determine the accessibility, availability, and promotion of food, thus playing an important role in people\u2019s diets, but they are context-dependent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability and accessibility of food in food outlets in different neighborhoods of the city of Alicante. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Trained researchers conducted food store audits using the validated Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores for Mediterranean contexts (NEMS-S-MED) tool. Data were collected from food stores within a socioeconomically diverse sample in Alicante (n = 63). We compared the availability and affordability of \u201chealthier\u2013less healthy\u201d food pairs, scores between food store types (supermarkets, specialized, convenience stores, and others), and socioeconomic levels in Alicante in 2022. Results: The present study highlights that the food stores with the greatest availability and accessibility to healthy foods are supermarkets, as opposed to specialized stores and convenience stores. In addition, differences were found in the accessibility and availability of healthy foods by neighborhoods with different income levels, being more accessible in the residential neighborhood with the highest income level. Tourism could explain the differences in the food retail environment, with a high-income neighborhood showing similar results to low-income neighborhoods. Conclusions: The results obtained invite reflection on the development and adoption of policy strategies that promote the availability and accessibility of healthy food in the most disadvantaged areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1732849028000},"page":"4127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Retail Food Environment in Alicante"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Caravaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7724-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Balmis Research Group in History of Science, Health Care and Food, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Applied Dietetics, Nutrition and Body Composition, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8378-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Mar\u00eda","family":"Trescastro-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balmis Research Group in History of Science, Health Care and Food, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Applied Dietetics, Nutrition and Body Composition, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Group 23, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Plaza-Gavald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ed-Cremades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Moncho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Abdeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization: WHO (2024, March 01). (1 March 2024). Fact Sheets. Obesity and Overweight. [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, March 01). Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social\u2014Portal Estad\u00edstico del SNS\u2014Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Espa\u00f1a 2017. (s. f.). Available online: https:\/\/www.mscbs.gob.es\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/encuestaNacional\/encuesta2017.htm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12560","article-title":"Body mass index and healthcare costs: A systematic literature review of individual participant data studies","volume":"18","author":"Kent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1466424006070487","article-title":"Obesogenic environments: Exploring the built and food environments","volume":"126","author":"Lake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Promot. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913916679860","article-title":"Obesogenic environments: Current evidence of the built and food environments","volume":"137","author":"Townshend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii77","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dav073","article-title":"Addressing inequities in healthy eating","volume":"30","author":"Friel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.09.015","article-title":"Dietary inequalities: What is the evidence for the effect of the neighbourhood food environment?","volume":"27","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-011-9524-x","article-title":"Measures of the consumer food store environment: A systematic review of the evidence 2000\u20132011","volume":"37","author":"Gustafson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.05.006","article-title":"The local food environment and diet: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Caspi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022002348","article-title":"Food availability and affordability in a Mediterranean urban context: Associations by store type and area-level socio-economic status","volume":"26","author":"Bilal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.06.013","article-title":"Understanding differences in the local food environment across countries: A case study in Madrid (Spain) and Baltimore (USA)","volume":"89","author":"Bilal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"INE\u2014Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2024, February 13). Indicadores de Renta Media y Mediana (30833). INE 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/jaxiT3\/Tabla.htm?t=30833."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal, U., D\u00edez, J., Alfayate, S., Gull\u00f3n, P., Del Cura, I., Escobar, F., Sand\u00edn, M., and Franco, M. (2016). Population cardiovascular health and urban environments: The Heart Healthy Hoods exploratory study in Madrid, Spain. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0213-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, A., D\u00edez, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Escobar, C., Trescastro-L\u00f3pez, E.M., Pereyra-Zamora, P., Ariza, C., Bilal, U., and Franco, M. (2020). Adaptation and Evaluation of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores to Assess Mediterranean Food Environments (NEMS-S-MED). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197031"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"71","article-title":"Unique features of the Mediterranean food environment: Implications for the prevention of chronic diseases Rh: Mediterranean food environments","volume":"72","author":"Bilal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2017.07.004","article-title":"Food environments in Malta: Associations with store size and area-level deprivation","volume":"71","author":"Cauchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.012","article-title":"Capturing the Healthfulness of the In-store Environments of United Kingdom Supermarket Stores Over 5 Months (January\u2013May 2019)","volume":"61","author":"Harmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000766","article-title":"Comparing the availability, price, variety and quality of fruits and vegetables across retail outlets and by area-level socio-economic position","volume":"16","author":"Millichamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020002645","article-title":"Comparison of food and beverage products\u2019 availability, variety, price and quality in German and US supermarkets","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Song, S., Gittelsohn, J., Jiang, N., Hu, J., Ma, Y., and Wen, D. (2019). Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Nutrition Environment Measurement Tool for Stores. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050782"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Londo\u00f1o-Ca\u00f1ola, C., Serral, G., D\u00edez, J., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, A., Franco, M., Artazcoz, L., and Ariza, C. (2022). Retail Food Environment around Schools in Barcelona by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status: Implications for Local Food Policy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010649"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7679.2008.00428.x","article-title":"Dietary Implications of Supermarket Development: A Global Perspective","volume":"26","author":"Hawkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, A., Trescastro-L\u00f3pez, E.M., Galiana-S\u00e1nchez, M.E., Llorens-Ivorra, C., and Pereyra-Zamora, P. (2020). Cultural Adaptation and Evaluation of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey to the Mediterranean Spanish Context (NEMS-P-MED). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113257"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.03.004","article-title":"Neighborhood social and economic change and retail food environment change in Madrid (Spain): The heart healthy hoods study","volume":"51","author":"Bilal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ach\u00f3n, M., Serrano, M., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, \u00c1., Alonso-Aperte, E., and Varela-Moreiras, G. (2017). Present Food Shopping Habits in the Spanish Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050508"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1030","article-title":"A systematic review of the influences of food store product placement on dietary related outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000493","article-title":"Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: The role of small food stores in an urban environment","volume":"11","author":"Bodor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-69","article-title":"Measuring the healthfulness of food retail stores: Variations by store type and neighbourhood deprivation","volume":"11","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.104118","article-title":"The role of convenience stores in healthy food environments: The case of Barcelona (Spain)","volume":"133","author":"Goossensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.04.020","article-title":"Supermarket Choice, Shopping Behavior, Socioeconomic Status, and Food Purchases","volume":"49","author":"Pechey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32492","article-title":"Understanding food choice: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"10","author":"Fernqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.195982","article-title":"Fiscal policy to improve diets and prevent noncommunicable diseases: From recommendations to action","volume":"96","author":"Thow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.105972","article-title":"Neighborhood environment is associated with unhealthy food intake in a Brazilian urban area","volume":"172","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:12Z","timestamp":1760114532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16234127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16234127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}