{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:47:10Z","timestamp":1787932030003,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["ANID\/1211480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/1211480"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["ANID\/22211143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/22211143"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["ANID\/1211480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/1211480"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["ANID\/22211143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/22211143"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Chile","award":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}]},{"name":"VRID\/2024001186INI","award":["ANID\/1211480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/1211480"]}]},{"name":"VRID\/2024001186INI","award":["ANID\/22211143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/22211143"]}]},{"name":"VRID\/2024001186INI","award":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is multifactorial, with chronic inflammation resulting from infections, autoimmune diseases, and lifestyle factors playing a pivotal role. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and various malignancies, including GBC. Research on autoimmune diseases highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D, suggesting its potential to mitigate disease progression. In oncology, VDD has similarly been linked to increased inflammation, which may contribute to both the initiation and progression of cancer. A critical component in carcinogenesis, as well as in the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in autoimmune conditions, is the balance between T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. We hypothesize that vitamin D may inhibit epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GBC by modulating the spatial distribution of tumor-infiltrating T cells, particularly through the regulation of the Th17\/Treg balance at the tumor margins. This Th17\/Treg imbalance may act as a mechanistic link between VDD and the progression of GBC carcinogenesis. Investigating the role of an Th17\/Treg imbalance as a mediator in VDD-induced EMT in GBC not only provides deeper insights into the pathogenesis of GBC but also sheds light on broader mechanisms relevant to the development of other solid organ cancers, given the expanding recognition of the roles of VDD and Th17\/Treg cells in cancer biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1732849028000},"page":"4134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in Regulating the Th17\/Treg Balance and Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition: A Hypothesis for Gallbladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cartes-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Torres-Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"},{"name":"Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Unit, Service of Surgery, Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepcion 4070022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Medrano-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Unit, Service of Surgery, Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano 4270918, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6717-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumental Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda y Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5719-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Carrillo-Bestagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"},{"name":"Service of Medicine, Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano 4270918, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Nova-Lamperti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jones, M.W., Small, K., Kashyap, S., and Deppen, J.G. 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