{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T03:53:46Z","timestamp":1785297226382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province","award":["ZR2023QH151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QH151"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province","award":["QDBSH20230102036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QDBSH20230102036"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao postdoctoral applied research project","award":["ZR2023QH151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QH151"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao postdoctoral applied research project","award":["QDBSH20230102036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QDBSH20230102036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of niacin combined with B. animalis F1-7 on the improvement of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) in mice and its potential regulatory mechanism. Methods: A total of 75 8-week-old male C57BL\/6N mice were acclimated for one week and randomly divided into five groups: control group, alcohol model group (AFLD), niacin intervention group (NA), B. animalis F1-7 intervention group (F1-7), and niacin combined with B. animalis F1-7 intervention group (NF). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that all intervention groups could effectively reduce the serum lipid levels and inflammatory response of mice induced by alcohol to varying degrees. The immunofluorescence analysis showed that the GPR109A in the liver and intestine of the NF group was significantly enhanced compared with the other groups. Niacin combined with B. animalis F1-7 better restored the gut microbiota. Meanwhile, each intervention group could increase their levels of SCFAs. Among them, the combination group increased the levels of acetic acid and butyric acid more significantly than the other two groups. The Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis of gut microbiota and SCFAs showed that Norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia were positively correlated with changes in SCFAs, while Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, Romboutsia, and Clostridium_sensu_stricro_1 were negatively correlated. Conclusions: Niacin combined with B. animalis F1-7 better regulated the gut microbial balance and increased the SCFAs in mice with alcoholic steatohepatitis. The mechanism was related to the activation of the target GPR109A, which regulates the key proteins involved in lipid synthesis and \u03b2-oxidation to improve lipid metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"4170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Study on the Regulatory Mechanism of Niacin Combined with B. animalis F1-7 in Alleviating Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Up-Regulating GPR109A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5376-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhu","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"392","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2024.06.008","article-title":"Gut Bacteria in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e705","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00096-1","article-title":"Isoniazid-associated pellagra during mass scale-up of tuberculosis preventive therapy: A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Nabity","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.11.004","article-title":"NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome","volume":"34","author":"Chellappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux011","article-title":"Definition of a tolerable upper intake level of niacin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the dose-dependent effects of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid supplementation","volume":"75","author":"Minto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4765","article-title":"Niacin fine-tunes energy homeostasis through canonical GPR109A signaling","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Canfora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.Y., Zhou, D.D., Gan, R.Y., Huang, S.Y., Zhao, C.N., Shang, A., Xu, X.Y., and Li, H.B. (2021). Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093211"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e634","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.634","article-title":"Lactobacillus lactis and Pediococcus pentosaceus-driven reprogramming of gut microbiome and metabolome ameliorates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078","article-title":"Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05709","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis F1-7 Alleviates Lipid Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Mice via Modulating Bile Acid Metabolites to Downregulate Intestinal FXR","volume":"72","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250069","article-title":"Metabolite acetyl-L-carnitine participates in Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 to ameliorate atherosclerotic inflammation by downregulating theTLR4\/NF-KB pathway","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01805B","article-title":"The combined use of B vitamins and probiotics promotes B vitamin absorption and increases Akkermansia abundance","volume":"15","author":"Sang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.80122","article-title":"Myeloid-specific blockade of Notch signaling ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Guo, P., Wang, Y., Teng, X., Zhang, H., Sun, L., Xue, M., and Liang, H. (2022). Propolis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Depressive Symptoms in C57BL\/6J Mice by Regulating Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Inflammatory Reaction. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061213"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15681","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 on DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Xi, Y., Xin, X., Feng, Q., and Hu, Y. (2023). Geniposide plus chlorogenic acid reverses non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulation of gut microbiota and bile acid signaling in a mouse model in vivo. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1148737"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02227F","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 in combination with konjac glucomannan improves constipation in mice via humoral transport","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1715733","article-title":"Alcohol Use in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"379","author":"Fuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.05.002","article-title":"Liver-Microbiome Axis in Health and Disease","volume":"39","author":"Adolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R119000547","article-title":"Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"61","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v41.1.05","article-title":"Natural Recovery by the Liver and Other Organs after Chronic Alcohol Use","volume":"41","author":"Thomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.09.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease: An Update","volume":"23","author":"Kourkoumpetis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.10.010","article-title":"The Crosstalk between Hepatocytes, Hepatic Macrophages, and Hepatic Stellate Cells Facilitates Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"30","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101743","article-title":"Loss of GPR109A\/HCAR2 induces aging-associated hepatic steatosis","volume":"11","author":"Jadeja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz303","article-title":"Niacin Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis by Inhibiting De Novo Lipogenesis Via a GPR109A-Mediated PKC-ERK1\/2-AMPK Signaling Pathway in C57BL\/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"150","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0926","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Lipid Accumulation in Aged Liver through GPR109A-mediated Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12491","article-title":"Global Concerns with B Vitamin Statuses: Biofortification, Fortification, Hidden Hunger, Interactions, and Toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Titcomb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00759J","article-title":"Anti-obesity effects of a standardized ethanol extract of Eisenia bicyclis by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced mice","volume":"15","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, C., Pan, J., Qu, N., Lei, Y., Han, J., Zhang, J., and Han, D. (2022). The AMPK pathway in fatty liver disease. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.970292"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122211","article-title":"G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activation by bisphenol-A disrupts lipid metabolism and induces ferroptosis in the liver","volume":"334","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200300","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200300","article-title":"GPR109a Regulates Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Macrophages and the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00814-7","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujio-Vejar, S., Vasquez, Y., Morales, P., Magne, F., Vera-Wolf, P., Ugalde, J.A., Navarrete, P., and Gotteland, M. (2017). The Gut Microbiota of Healthy Chilean Subjects Reveals a High Abundance of the Phylum Verrucomicrobia. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01221"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155621","article-title":"Gut microbiome and metabolomic profiles reveal the antiatherosclerotic effect of indole-3-carbinol in high-choline-fed ApoE(-\/-) mice","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneeberger, M., Everard, A., G\u00f3mez-Valad\u00e9s, A.G., Matamoros, S., Ram\u00edrez, S., Delzenne, N.M., Gomis, R., Claret, M., and Cani, P.D. (2015). Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16643"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, H., Zhou, Q., Yang, R., Zeng, J., Li, X., Zhang, R., Tang, W., Li, H., Wang, S., and Shen, T. (2020). Naringin Attenuates High Fat Diet Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gut Bacterial Dysbiosis in Mice. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585066"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)","volume":"66","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03383F","article-title":"Structure-specific antitumor effects and potential gut microbiota-involved mechanisms of ginseng polysaccharides on B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10401","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04051H","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs in mice","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:46Z","timestamp":1760114626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16234170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16234170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]}}}