{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:58:39Z","timestamp":1790711919963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Government of Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Government of Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PC082-083-084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC082-083-084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CIN of the University of Navarra, the CIBERobn network","award":["CB12\/03\/30002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB12\/03\/30002"]}]},{"name":"CIN of the University of Navarra, the CIBERobn network","award":["CB12\/03\/30038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB12\/03\/30038"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008666","name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["201630.10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201630.10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU22\/01560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/01560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study investigates the gut microbiota\u2019s role in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), focusing on microbial and functional signatures and sex-based differences. Methods: Using baseline data from 98 MASLD patients and 45 controls from the Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) study, the gut microbiota was profiled with 16S gene sequencing, followed by statistical and machine learning analyses to identify disease-associated microbial signatures. Results: Notable alpha and beta diversity differences were observed between MASLD patients and the controls, varying by sex. Machine learning models highlighted specific microbial signatures for each sex, achieving high accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.91 for women and 0.72 for men). The key microbial taxa linked to MASLD included Christensenella and Limosilactobacillus in women and Beduinibacterium and Anaerotruncus in men. Functional profiling showed that MASLD patients had increased pathways for amine biosynthesis and amino acid degradation, while the controls exhibited enhanced fermentation pathways. These microbial features were associated with systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolite production linked to gut dysbiosis. Conclusions: The findings support the potential of gut microbiota signatures to be used as non-invasive indicators of MASLD and highlight sex-specific variations that could inform personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T10:07:10Z","timestamp":1733306830000},"page":"4198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sex-Dependent Gut Microbiota Features and Functional Signatures in Metabolic Disfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Mogna-Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Riezu-Boj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fermin","family":"Milagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Clemente-Larramendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6512-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Esteban Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Elorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1527-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Benito-Boillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tobaruela-Resola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Muniesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6940-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS & IDISBA, 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itziar","family":"Abete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology and Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Network in 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