{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:10:41Z","timestamp":1769119841379,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: We evaluated the effects of a 12-week hypocaloric ketogenic diet (KD) on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as body mass, in overweight, obese, and healthy-weight females. One hundred adult females completed the study, including 64 obese (97.99 \u00b1 11.48 kg), 23 overweight (75.50 \u00b1 5.12 kg), and 11 with normal body mass (65.93 \u00b1 3.40 kg). All participants followed a KD consisting of less than 30 g of carbohydrates, approximately 60 g of protein, and 140 g of fat per day (80% unsaturated and 20% saturated fat). Methods: Glucose (Gl), insulin (I), glycated haemoglobin (HBA1c), HOMA-IR, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured before and after the intervention. Additionally, body mass (BM), BMI (Body Mass Index), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and thigh circumference (TC) were recorded. Results: After 12 weeks of the KD, significant improvements were observed in GL, I, TG, HDL-C, HOMA-IR across all groups. Also BM, BMI, TC, WC, and HC were significantly reduced in all participants. Notably, obese participants showed greater reductions in all variables compared to overweight and healthy-weight females. Conclusions: A 12-week KD led to more pronounced improvements in biochemical markers and body mass in obese females compared to other groups. A KD may be particularly beneficial for obese females with hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, and lipid profile disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T06:25:16Z","timestamp":1733466316000},"page":"4218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a 12 Week Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Obese and Overweight Females with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disturbance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Klonek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Lenacor Sp. z o.o., Zag\u00f3rska 73, 42-500 Bedzin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zydek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Roczniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Panek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Lenacor Sp. z o.o., Zag\u00f3rska 73, 42-500 Bedzin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Zaj\u0105c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1590-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Magdalena","family":"Michalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 31). 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