{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:59:12Z","timestamp":1782554352970,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund\u2014ESF)","award":["MIS 5000432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5000432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The gut microbiota is linked to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), while supplementation with probiotics may result in positive alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome. This research aimed to map the changes in the gut microbiome and blood markers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after a dietary intervention with free or immobilized cells of the presumptive probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici SK on pistachio nuts. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were studied and divided into four groups (healthy or diabetic) which received the free or the immobilized P. acidilactici SK cells on pistachio nuts for 4 weeks. Blood, fecal, and intestinal tissue samples were examined. Results: The diabetic rats exhibited an elevated concentration of HDL-c, while the inflammatory IL-1\u03b2 levels were significantly lower in the diabetic animals that received the immobilized cells compared to the group that received the free cells. The dietary intervention with immobilized cells led to decreased counts of fecal staphylococci and enterococci in the diabetic animals, while the diet with both free and immobilized P. acidilactici SK cells rendered levels of these populations in normal values in the feces and intestinal tissue of the diabetic animals. Noticeably, the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera were elevated after the supplementation with immobilized P. acidilactici SK cells on pistachio nuts. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with P. acidilactici SK cells (in free or in immobilized form) beneficially affected the gut microbiota\/microbiome of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, leading to the alleviation of dysbiosis and inflammation and control over their lipid levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T09:55:20Z","timestamp":1733478920000},"page":"4221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Blood Parameters in Diabetic Rats Following Dietary Intervention with Free or Immobilized Pediococcus acidilactici SK Cells on Pistachio Nuts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Prapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia E.","family":"Yanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kompoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoria","family":"Mitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Panas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QLC, N.E.O. Patron-Athinon 57, 26442 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kostomitsopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Facility, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Kourkoutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2021). 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