{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:37:56Z","timestamp":1771825076501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["INV-035474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-035474"]}]},{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["INV-036154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036154"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Small vulnerable newborns (SVNs), including those born preterm, small for gestational age, or with low birth weight, are at higher risk of neonatal mortality and long-term health complications. Early exposure to maternal vaginal microbiota and breastfeeding plays a critical role in the development of the neonatal microbiota and immune system, especially in low-resource settings like Burkina Faso, where neonatal mortality rates remain high. Objectives: The DenBalo study aims to investigate the role of maternal and neonatal factors, such as vaginal and gut microbiota, immune development, and early nutrition, in shaping health outcomes in SVNs and healthy infants. Methods: This prospective cohort observational study will recruit 141 mother-infant pairs (70 SVNs and 71 healthy controls) from four health centers in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. The mother-infant pairs will be followed for six months with anthropometric measurements and biospecimen collections, including blood, breast milk, saliva, stool, vaginal swabs, and placental biopsies. Multi-omics approaches, encompassing metagenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and immune profiling, will be used to assess vaginal and gut microbiota composition and functionality, immune cell maturation, and cytokine levels at critical developmental stages. Conclusions: This study will generate comprehensive data on how microbiota, metabolomic, and proteomic profiles, along with immune system development, differ between SVNs and healthy infants. These findings will guide targeted interventions to improve neonatal health outcomes and reduce mortality, particularly in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T08:17:49Z","timestamp":1733732269000},"page":"4242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Describing Biological Vulnerability in Small, Vulnerable Newborns in Urban Burkina Faso (DenBalo): Gut Microbiota, Immune System, and Breastmilk Assembly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2729-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel Olivier","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 390, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lishi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheick Ahmed","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de Formation de Recherche et d\u2019Expertise en Sant\u00e9 pour l\u2019Afrique (AFRICSant\u00e9), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Compaor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de Formation de Recherche et d\u2019Expertise en Sant\u00e9 pour l\u2019Afrique (AFRICSant\u00e9), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moctar","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence de Formation de Recherche et d\u2019Expertise en Sant\u00e9 pour l\u2019Afrique (AFRICSant\u00e9), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3982-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Argaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Lachat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Queen","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filomeen","family":"Haerynck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab (PIRL) at Ghent University Hospital (UZGent), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Sonnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan B.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Center (MILC), Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Tavernier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab (PIRL) at Ghent University Hospital (UZGent), 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Bastos-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, MYTOX-SOUTH\u00ae Coordination Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laeticia Celine","family":"Toe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Nutrition et Maladies M\u00e9taboliques, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8204-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trenton","family":"Dailey-Chwalib\u00f3g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Agence de Formation de Recherche et d\u2019Expertise en Sant\u00e9 pour l\u2019Afrique (AFRICSant\u00e9), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 298, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9","article-title":"Small vulnerable newborns-big potential for impact","volume":"401","author":"Ashorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, October 14). Neonatal Mortality Rate (per 1000 Live Births) [Internet]. Datadot, Available online: https:\/\/data.who.int\/indicators\/i\/E3CAF2B\/A4C49D3."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Barro, M. (2020). Morbidit\u00e9 et Mortalit\u00e9 n\u00e9onatales au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sour\u00f4 Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Rev. Afr. Malgache Rech. Sci. Sant\u00e9, 82\u201389. Available online: http:\/\/publication.lecames.org\/index.php\/sante\/article\/view\/1794."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bountogo, M., Si\u00e9, A., Zakan\u00e9, A., Compaor\u00e9, G., Ou\u00e9draogo, T., Lebas, E., Brogdon, J., Nyatigo, F., Arnold, B.F., and Lietman, T.M. (2021). Antenatal care attendance and risk of low birthweight in Burkina Faso: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04310-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lingani, M., Zango, S.H., Val\u00e9a, I., Som\u00e9, G., Sanou, M., Samadoulougou, S.O., Ouoba, S., Rouamba, E., Robert, A., and Dramaix, M. (2022). Low birth weight and its associated risk factors in a rural health district of Burkina Faso: A cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04554-w"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2022.1210087","article-title":"Evaluation of the Fetal Neuroprotection Protocol with Magnesium Sulphate in a University Hospital in Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"Sawadogo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kok, B., Toe, L.C., Hanley-Cook, G., Argaw, A., Ou\u00e9draogo, M., Compaor\u00e9, A., Vanslambrouck, K., Dailey-Chwalib\u00f3g, T., Ganaba, R., and Kolsteren, P. (2022). Prenatal fortified balanced energy-protein supplementation and birth outcomes in rural Burkina Faso: A randomized controlled efficacy trial. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004002"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08794-x","article-title":"Dynamic molecular changes during the first week of human life follow a robust developmental trajectory","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, N.T., Shin, H., Pizoni, A., Werlang, I.C., Matte, U., Goldani, M.Z., Goldani, H.A., and Dominguez-Bello, M.G. (2017). Delivery Mode and the Transition of Pioneering Gut-Microbiota Structure, Composition and Predicted Metabolic Function. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8120364"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05346-11","article-title":"Transmission of intestinal Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strains from mother to infant, determined by multilocus sequencing typing and amplified fragment length polymorphism","volume":"77","author":"Makino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makino, H., Kushiro, A., Ishikawa, E., Kubota, H., Gawad, A., Sakai, T., Oishi, K., Martin, R., Ben-Amor, K., and Knol, J. (2013). Mother-to-infant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infant\u2019s microbiota. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078331"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12238","article-title":"Vertical mother-neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeeding","volume":"16","author":"Jost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funkhouser, L.J., and Bordenstein, S.R. (2013). Mom knows best: The universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001631"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0694-0","article-title":"Bacterial colonization reprograms the neonatal gut metabolome","volume":"5","author":"Bittinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Li, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Mei, H., Zhuo, N., Wang, H., Wang, L., and Wu, D. (2020). Comparison of gut microbiota in exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed babies: A study of 91 term infants. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72635-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15534","article-title":"Maternal breastmilk, infant gut microbiome and the impact on preterm infant health","volume":"110","author":"Granger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groer, M.W., Luciano, A.A., Dishaw, L.J., Ashmeade, T.L., Miller, E., and Gilbert, J.A. (2014). Development of the preterm infant gut microbiome: A research priority. Microbiome, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-38"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melville, J.M., and Moss, T.J.M. (2013). The immune consequences of preterm birth. Front. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00079"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0043","article-title":"Comparison of Breast Milk Compositions Among Mothers Delivering Small-for-Gestational Age, Appropriate-for-Gestational Age, and Large-for-Gestational Age Infants","volume":"13","author":"Phattraprayoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.060","article-title":"Nutritional Management of the Low Birth Weight\/Preterm Infant in Community Settings: A Perspective from the Developing World","volume":"162","author":"Imdad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.09.008","article-title":"Human milk for the premature infant","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws074","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama","volume":"22","author":"Bode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1111853","article-title":"Global maternal, newborn, and child health\u2014So near and yet so far","volume":"369","author":"Za","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2635","article-title":"Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.03.009","article-title":"Protecting the Newborn and Young Infant from Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Immune Ontogeny","volume":"46","author":"Kollmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennike, T.B., Fatou, B., Angelidou, A., Diray-Arce, J., Falsafi, R., Ford, R., Gill, E.E., van Haren, S.D., Idoko, O.T., and Lee, A.H. (2020). Preparing for Life: Plasma Proteome Changes and Immune System Development During the First Week of Human Life. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.578505"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6125","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170926102615","article-title":"Maternal Immunomodulation Therapy for Prevention of Preterm Birth and Prematurity-Related Morbidity: The New Era of Immuno-Perinatology","volume":"23","author":"Nayak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Ultrasound-determined fetal transcerebellar diameter in relation to gestational age during third trimester of pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Solyman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menoufia Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Performance of late pregnancy biometry for gestational age dating in low-income and middle-income countries: A prospective, multicountry, population-based cohort study from the WHO Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement (AMANHI) Study Group. Lancet Glob. Health, 8, e545\u2013e554."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Simon, L.V., Shah, M., and Bragg, B.N. (2024). APGAR Score. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(70)80038-5","article-title":"Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant","volume":"77","author":"Dubowitz","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanley-Cook, G.T., Bastos-Moreira, Y., Martens, D.S., Dailey-Chwalib\u00f3g, T., Toe, L.C., de Kok, B., Ou\u00e9draogo, L., Argaw, A., Tesfamariam, K., and Kolsteren, P. (2023). Prenatal multiple micronutrient-fortified balanced energy-protein supplementation and newborn telomere length and mitochondrial DNA content: A randomized controlled efficacy trial in rural Burkina Faso. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.22.23298825"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2024, October 31). NULISAseq|Comprehensive Inflammation Panel [Internet]. Alamar Biosciences. Available online: https:\/\/alamarbio.com\/products-and-services\/nulisa-inflammation-panel\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9271","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2026916","article-title":"Concentration of vaginal and systemic cytokines obtained early in pregnancy and their impact on preterm birth","volume":"35","author":"Nold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.19131","article-title":"Cervicovaginal fluid cytokines as predictive markers of preterm birth in symptomatic women","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning, R., James, C.P., Smith, M.C., Innes, B.A., Stamp, E., Peebles, D., Bajaj-Elliott, M., Klein, N., Bulmer, J.N., and Robson, S.C. (2019). Predictive value of cervical cytokine, antimicrobial and microflora levels for pre-term birth in high-risk women. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47756-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2018.01.001","article-title":"Mid-gestational changes in cervicovaginal fluid cytokine levels in asymptomatic pregnant women are predictive markers of inflammation-associated spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"126","author":"Amabebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1427-z","article-title":"Microbiological characteristics and inflammatory cytokines associated with preterm labor","volume":"283","author":"Discacciati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj2972","article-title":"Robust Variation in Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly Across a Spectrum of Lifestyles","volume":"376","author":"Olm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03707-9","article-title":"A metabolomics pipeline for the mechanistic interrogation of the gut microbiome","volume":"595","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, C.G., Wastyk, H.C., Topf, M., Gardner, C.D., Sonnenburg, J.L., and Elias, J.E. (2020). High-Throughput Stool Metaproteomics: Method and Application to Human Specimens. MSystems.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.06.981712"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334413517941","article-title":"Rapid measurement of human milk macronutrients in the neonatal intensive care unit: Accuracy and precision of fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"30","author":"Smilowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313S","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy017","article-title":"Micronutrients in Human Milk: Analytical Methods","volume":"9","author":"Hampel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ju, H., Lai, G., and Yan, F. (2017). Immunosensing for Detection of Protein Biomarkers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100355","article-title":"Prenatal ochratoxin A exposure, birth outcomes and infant growth in rural Burkina Faso: A human biomonitoring sub-study from the MISAME-III trial","volume":"10","author":"Argaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","article-title":"Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta","volume":"10","author":"Bongaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204057","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4057","article-title":"Association of Parental Socioeconomic Status and Newborn Telomere Length","volume":"3","author":"Martens","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.054","article-title":"Placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants and feasibility using the placenta as a non-invasive biomonitoring matrix","volume":"612","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.09.006","article-title":"Human placenta: A human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring","volume":"26","author":"Myllynen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.02.129","article-title":"DNA adductomics to study the genotoxic effects of red meat consumption with and without added animal fat in rats","volume":"230","author":"Hemeryck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400078","article-title":"O6-carboxymethylguanine DNA adduct formation and lipid peroxidation upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of haem-rich meat","volume":"58","author":"Bussche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:50:12Z","timestamp":1760115012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/23\/4242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16234242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16234242","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}}}