{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:43:14Z","timestamp":1781559794990,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) by adolescents and young adults has increased significantly, so concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive ED consumption. Most analyses on EDs focus on the caffeine content. Research on the content of minerals (essential and toxic) in energy drinks can be considered scarce. Therefore, there is a need for research stating the actual status of heavy metal content in commercially available energy drinks. Methods: This research presents the determination of the total concentrations of macro-elements and trace elements (TEs), such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, B, Zn, V, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cd, and As in nine samples of energy drinks using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. Results: The order in the content of macro-minerals in the EDs was as follows: Na &gt; K &gt; Mg &gt; Ca. The results showed that ED 1, ED 3, and ED 7 samples had the highest micro-mineral concentrations. All the samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index &lt; 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals in both the adolescent and adult age groups. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As, Ni, and Cr in both adolescents and adults. Conclusions: This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the caffeine content of EDs, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the toxic element content of these beverages. This research also highlights notable differences in the TE levels among various ED brands, which may have important implications for consumer well-being and health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1734086052000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nutritional Risks of Heavy Metals in the Human Diet\u2014Multi-Elemental Analysis of Energy Drinks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7081-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czarnek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1 H St., 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Tatarczak-Michalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Majerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38 St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Fila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Hamitoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Gogacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Chair and Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Blicharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantino, A., Maiese, A., Lazzari, J., Casula, C., Turillazzi, E., Frati, P., and Fineschi, V. 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