{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:46:46Z","timestamp":1783608406727,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21\/0006\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD21\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM23\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["RD21\/0006\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0015"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CD21\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00148"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CM23\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["RD21\/0006\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0015"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["CD21\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00148"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familias 2019","award":["CM23\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["RD21\/0006\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0015"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["CD21\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00148"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Networks for Health Results (RICORS)","award":["CM23\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00216"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01158 ETNIAS"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["RD21\/0006\/0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0006\/0015"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["CD21\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD21\/00148"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["PE-0527-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0527-2019"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII","award":["CM23\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a well-established risk factor for future strokes, making interventions that target recovery and vascular risk crucial. This study aimed to assess the safety and clinical effects of a polyphenol-rich Salicornia ramosissima extract in post-TIA patients. A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with participants who had a history of TIA or minor stroke and who received 1 g of Salicornia extract or placebo over 11 months. Biochemical analyses, neuropsychological assessments (MOCA test), and gait and aerobic performance tests were conducted at the beginning and the end of the study. A total of 118 individuals were screened, with 80 finally included. Importantly, no significant adverse events were reported throughout the study. A neurological analysis showed an improvement in MOCA scores in patients treated with the Salicornia extract for 11 months. The treatment did not affect spatiotemporal gait parameters, but it significantly reduced blood pressure at baseline and after the aerobic performance test. Biochemically, both groups exhibited mild hyperhomocysteinemia at baseline; however, Salicornia treatment significantly lowered homocysteine levels, bringing them within the normal range. These findings highlight the safety of the Salicornia extract in patients at a high cerebrovascular risk and suggest it as a potential therapeutic option for managing vascular risk factors, such as hyperhomocysteinemia and hypertension. However, further studies are required to confirm the underlying mechanisms and explore broader clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1734086052000},"page":"4307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluating the Clinical Impact of a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Salicornia ramosissima on Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7754-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"N\u00e1jar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"L\u00f3pez Azc\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Dom\u00ednguez Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8550-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyes","family":"de Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Neuroscience, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, 41704 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Camino-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group CTS969: \u201cCare Innovation and Health Determinants\u201d, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Montero-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bocero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1809-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Laviana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Busquier Cerd\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2332-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Hospital Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8940-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soledad","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"20","author":"Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.181636","article-title":"Stroke: A global response is needed","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002","article-title":"Stroke: Causes and clinical features","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000418","article-title":"Diagnosis, Workup, Risk Reduction of Transient Ischemic Attack in the Emergency Department Setting: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"54","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70255-2","article-title":"Secondary stroke prevention","volume":"13","author":"Hankey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Panuganti, K.K., Tadi, P., and Lui, F. (2023). Transient Ischemic Attack, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781062","article-title":"Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle","volume":"118","author":"Chiuve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30506-2","article-title":"Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): A case-control study","volume":"388","author":"Chin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7408","article-title":"Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"328","author":"Patnode","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagoskina, N.V., Zubova, M.Y., Nechaeva, T.L., Kazantseva, V.V., Goncharuk, E.A., Katanskaya, V.M., Baranova, E.N., and Aksenova, M.A. (2023). Polyphenols in Plants: Structure, Biosynthesis, Abiotic Stress Regulation, and Practical Applications (Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813874"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacifici, F., Rovella, V., Pastore, D., Bellia, A., Abete, P., Donadel, G., Santini, S., Beck, H., Ricordi, C., and Daniele, N.D. (2021). Polyphenols and Ischemic Stroke: Insight into One of the Best Strategies for Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061967"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2021.100548","article-title":"Valorisation of Salicornia ramosissima biowaste by a green approach\u2014An optimizing study using response surface methodology","volume":"24","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.104135","article-title":"Nutrient value of Salicornia ramosissima\u2014A green extraction process for mineral analysis","volume":"104","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e1jar, A.M., Romero-Bernal, M., Del R\u00edo, C., and Montaner, J. (2023). A Review on Polyphenols in Salicornia ramosissima with Special Emphasis on Their Beneficial Effects on Brain Ischemia. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030793"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, P., Ma, F., R\u00edo, C.D., Romero-Bernal, M., Najar, A.M., C\u00e1diz-Gurrea, M.L., Leyva-Jimenez, F.J., Ramiro, L., Men\u00e9ndez-Valladares, P., and P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, S. (2022). Diet Supplementation with Polyphenol-Rich Salicornia ramosissima Extracts Protects against Tissue Damage in Experimental Models of Cerebral Ischemia. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235077"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthivashan, G., Park, S.Y., Kweon, M.H., Kim, J., Haque, M.E., Cho, D.Y., Kim, I.S., Cho, E.A., Ganesan, P., and Choi, D.K. (2018). Ameliorative potential of desalted Salicornia europaea L. extract in multifaceted Alzheimer\u2019s-like scopolamine-induced amnesic mice model. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25381-0"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6764756","article-title":"The Ameliorative Effects of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of","volume":"2019","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On, J.Y., Kim, S.H., Kim, J.M., Park, S., Kim, K.H., Lee, C.H., and Kim, S.K. (2023). Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092022"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrigui, S., Hadj Taieb, S., Jemai, H., Mbarek, S., Benlarbi, M., Feki, M., Haouas, Z., Zemmel, A., Chaouacha-Chekir, R.B., and Boudhrioua, N. (2023). Anti-Obesity and Anti-Dyslipidemic Effects of Salicornia arabica Decocted Extract in Tunisian Psammomys obesus Fed a High-Calorie Diet. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061185"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02969402","article-title":"Salicornia herbacea prevents high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in ICR mice","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.108","article-title":"Desalted Salicornia europaea extract attenuated vascular neointima formation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway-mediated migration and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"94","author":"Won","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106539","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with polyphenol-rich Salicornia ramosissima extracts: Assessing safety, efficacy, and impact on cardiovascular health biomarkers in healthy volunteers","volume":"122","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30433-6","article-title":"The role of diet in secondary stroke prevention","volume":"20","author":"English","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.072","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Hemorrhage: JACC Focus Seminar","volume":"75","author":"Diener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1436413","article-title":"Pomegranate supplementation improves cognitive and functional recovery following ischemic stroke: A randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Bellone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.010","article-title":"The effect of Ginkgo biloba on functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Oskouei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2302057","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenols on the outcomes of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Djuric","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346565","article-title":"The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications","volume":"33","author":"Fenercioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Pu, L., Wei, J., Li, J., Wu, J., Xin, Z., Gao, W., and Guo, C. (2016). Brazilian Green Propolis Improves Antioxidant Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050498"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy380","article-title":"Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome-results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"109","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa-Moncada, J., Mar\u00edn-Echeverri, C., Galvis-P\u00e9rez, Y., Ciro-G\u00f3mez, G., Aristiz\u00e1bal, J.C., Blesso, C.N., Fernandez, M.L., and Barona-Acevedo, J. (2018). Evaluation of Agraz Consumption on Adipocytokines, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111639"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marhuenda, J., P\u00e9rez-Pi\u00f1ero, S., Arcusa, R., Victoria-Montesinos, D., C\u00e1novas, F., S\u00e1nchez-Macarro, M., Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, A.M., Querol-Calder\u00f3n, M., and L\u00f3pez-Rom\u00e1n, F.J. (2021). A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a Polyphenolic Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lippia citriodora) for Reducing Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Type 1 Hypertensive Subjects. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061783"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.J., Shin, Y.W., Kim, D.E., Kweon, M.H., and Kim, M. (2020). Effect of desalted Salicornia europaea L. ethanol extract (PM-EE) on the subjects complaining memory dysfunction without dementia: A 12 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76938-x"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2024, September 01). ICH E6 (R2) Good Clinical Practice. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ich-e6-r2-good-clinical-practice-scientific-guideline."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04829-0","article-title":"Reliability of the six-minute walk test in individuals with stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Macchiavelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm00359","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v54.4443","article-title":"Berg Balance Scale is a Valid Measure for Plan Interventions and for Assessing Changes in Postural Balance in Patients with Stroke","volume":"54","author":"Miyata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Garc\u00eda-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., Covas, M.I., Schr\u00f6der, H., Ar\u00f3s, F., and G\u00f3mez-Gracia, E. (2012). A 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and obesity indexes among high-risk subjects: The PREDIMED trial. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043134"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Conesa, M.T., Philippou, E., Pafilas, C., Massaro, M., Quarta, S., Andrade, V., Jorge, R., Chervenkov, M., Ivanova, T., and Dimitrova, D. (2020). Exploring the Validity of the 14-Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS): A Cross-National Study in Seven European Countries around the Mediterranean Region. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102960"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesh, A., and Barber, P.A. (2022). The Cognitive Sequelae of Transient Ischemic Attacks-Recent Insights and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092637"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"38","article-title":"Screening for cognitive impairment with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Spanish patients with minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologia (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-200111","article-title":"Polyphenols and Cognition In Humans: An Overview of Current Evidence from Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"6","author":"Lamport","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155194","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid improves the cognitive deficits of sleep-deprived mice via regulation of immunity function and intestinal flora","volume":"123","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02078-2","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect and action mechanism of polyphenols in diabetes mellitus-related cognitive dysfunction","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.011","article-title":"Bioactive effects of quercetin in the central nervous system: Focusing on the mechanisms of actions","volume":"84","author":"Suganthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9261","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03165H","article-title":"Isorhamnetin attenuates high-fat and high-fructose diet induced cognitive impairments and neuroinflammation by mediating MAPK and NFkappaB signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"Mulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopresti, A.L., Smith, S.J., Pouchieu, C., Pourtau, L., Gaudout, D., Pallet, V., and Drummond, P.D. (2023). Effects of a polyphenol-rich grape and blueberry extract (Memophenol\u2122) on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1144231"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitou, K., Ochiai, R., Kozuma, K., Sato, H., Koikeda, T., Osaki, N., and Katsuragi, Y. (2018). Effect of Chlorogenic Acids on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101337"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S239496","article-title":"Homocysteine and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Death in Elderly Population: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210166","article-title":"Relationship of Homocysteine Plasma Levels with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Vascular Dementia, Psychobehavioral, and Functional Complications","volume":"82","author":"Lauriola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabelo, N.N., Telles, J.P.M., Pipek, L.Z., Farias Vidigal Nascimento, R., Gusm\u00e3o, R.C., Teixeira, M.J., and Figueiredo, E.G. (2022). Homocysteine is associated with higher risks of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276087"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S393624","article-title":"Correlation Between Cognitive Impairment and Homocysteine and S100B Protein in Patients with Progressive Ischemic Stroke","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.07.014","article-title":"Protective effect of quercetin on homocysteine-induced oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Vurmaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory compound resveratrol suppresses homocysteine formation in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Schroecksnadel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2011.00151.x","article-title":"Caffeic acid inhibits acute hyperhomocysteinemia-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mouse cerebral venules","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.Z., Liu, K.G., Zeng, N.X., Wu, X.F., Lu, W.J., Xu, H.F., Yan, C., and Wu, L.L. (2022). Luteolin Enhances Choroid Plexus 5-MTHF Brain Transport to Promote Hippocampal Neurogenesis in LOD Rats. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.826568"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, B., Gao, W., Wei, J., Pu, L., Tang, Z., and Guo, C. (2015). Quercetin Increases Hepatic Homocysteine Remethylation and Transsulfuration in Rats Fed a Methionine-Enriched Diet. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/815210"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-003-0007-z","article-title":"Homocysteine and blood pressure","volume":"5","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panth, N., Park, S.H., Kim, H.J., Kim, D.H., and Oak, M.H. (2016). Protective Effect of Salicornia europaea Extracts on High Salt Intake-Induced Vascular Dysfunction and Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071176"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomartire, S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2023). Marine Macroalgae Polyphenols as Potential Neuroprotective Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050261"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Chen, Y., Chen, B., Xu, M., Liu, S., Su, Y., Qiao, K., and Liu, Z. (2023). Advances in Research on Marine-Derived Lipid-Lowering Active Substances and Their Molecular Mechanisms. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0167.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Zhao, L., Zhang, N., Zhou, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W., Ji, B., and Zhou, F. (2021). Bioactivity of Dietary Polyphenols: The Role in LDL-C Lowering. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112666"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad029","article-title":"Kidney disease and stroke: Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of susceptibility","volume":"38","author":"Bobot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Shi, J., Wang, Z., Liang, Y., Yu, J., Wang, H., Song, Z., Tang, Z., and Zhang, D. (2024). Isorhamnetin Alleviates Renal Fibrosis by Inducing Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide and Regulating Thiol-Based Redox State in Obstructed Kidneys. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101233"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118693","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid alleviate kidney fibrosis through regulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB mediated oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"335","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.11.021","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid prevents diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation through modulation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-kB pathways","volume":"54","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105461","article-title":"Luteolin improves nephropathy in hyperglycemic rats through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, E.B., Borges, N.A., Monteiro, M., de Castro Resende, A., Daleprane, J.B., and Soulage, C.O. (2022). Polyphenol-rich acai seed extract exhibits reno-protective and anti-fibrotic activities in renal tubular cells and mice with kidney failure. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24420-1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2003.10.003","article-title":"Gender differences in three dimensional gait analysis data from 98 healthy Korean adults","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbaz, A., Artaud, F., Dugravot, A., Tzourio, C., and Singh-Manoux, A. (2018). The gait speed advantage of taller stature is lost with age. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19882-1"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schimpl, M., Moore, C., Lederer, C., Neuhaus, A., Sambrook, J., Danesh, J., Ouwehand, W., and Daumer, M. (2011). Association between walking speed and age in healthy, free-living individuals using mobile accelerometry\u2014A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023299"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3627","article-title":"A 5-Decade Analysis of Incidence Trends of Ischemic Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Shahjouei","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3344","article-title":"Underlying Causes of TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke and Risk of Major Vascular Events","volume":"80","author":"Lavallee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:53Z","timestamp":1760115293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16244307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16244307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}