{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1792374271020,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-32"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["TKP2021-NKTA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA"]}]},{"name":"University of Debrecen Program for Scientific Publication","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-32"]}]},{"name":"University of Debrecen Program for Scientific Publication","award":["TKP2021-NKTA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Baobab (Adansonia digitate L.) is an underutilized species and edible parts (fruits, leaves and seeds) contribute to food security and human health in tropical areas. Although the fruits have attracted greater research interest and have recently been approved for consumption in EU countries, the leaves are traditionally consumed but they have yet to be studied from an interventional perspective. The aim of this study was to propose a protocol for a dietary intervention using baobab leaves (BLs) to achieve the recommended reference values for proteins and minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn) for different target groups of the Sudanese population. Methods: Dry matter, crude fat, protein and ash content, mineral content (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Mn), total phenolic, and flavonoid compounds were determined in BLs from six different areas. To assess the health and nutrition status in Sudan, time-series data (2013\u20132023) from the DataBank Health Nutrition and Population Statistics database were used. The reference values for nutrients recommended by the European Food Safety Authority were used to estimate the amount of baobab leaf intake (BLI, g\/day). Results: For each nutrient, the study area with the lowest amount of BLs to be consumed is recommended. Leaves from the area of El Gari (BN3) 18.312 g\/day and 30.712 g\/day are recommended for K and Ca, which are particularly beneficial for children aged 1\u20133 years and lactating women. Leaves from Kor Tagat (KR1) are suitable for sodium intake, requiring approximately 13\u201323 g\/day across all age groups. Leaves from Kazgil (KR2) (46\u201381 g\/day), (35\u201366 g\/day), (0.48\u20130.68 g\/day), and (4\u20136 g\/day) are optimal for fulfilling the daily requirements of magnesium, iron, manganese, and protein in this order. Conclusions: The systematic inclusion of BLs in the diet can positively support the nutritional status of various demographics. Moreover, the findings of this study demonstrated the foundation for public health and nutritional policy-makers on how they will tackle malnutrition and food insecurity worldwide by incorporating naturally available diets and nutritious alternatives. Recommendation: Further research should focus on assessing the nutritional composition factors that could affect the absorption of nutrients such as phytates and oxalates and investigating the in vitro bioavailability of the elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1734350968000},"page":"4340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of the Nutritional Impact of Baobab Leaves (Adansonia digitata L.) as a Dietary Intervention to Combat Nutrient Deficiencies and Poverty-Related Health Problems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi str. 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Mozzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdaljbbar B. A.","family":"Dawod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Informatics, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai Road, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7979-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eltayeb Omaima Awad","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11115, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaikh Ayaz","family":"Mukarram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi str. 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"World Food Forum, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1448-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahra","family":"ElObeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elshafia Ali Hamid","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Corporation, Integrated Pest Management Reseach Center, Wadmadani 21111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi str. 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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