{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:03:37Z","timestamp":1789563817381,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a multifaceted pathological condition resulting from external forces that disrupt neuronal integrity and function. This narrative review explores the intricate relationship between dietary macronutrients, gut microbiota (GM), and neuroinflammation in the TBI. We delineate the dual aspects of TBI: the immediate mechanical damage (primary injury) and the subsequent biological processes (secondary injury) that exacerbate neuronal damage. Dysregulation of the gut\u2013brain axis emerges as a critical factor in the neuroinflammatory response, emphasizing the role of the GM in mediating immune responses. Recent evidence indicates that specific macronutrients, including lipids, proteins, and probiotics, can influence microbiota composition and in turn modulate neuroinflammation. Moreover, specialized dietary interventions may promote resilience against secondary insults and support neurological recovery post-TBI. This review aims to synthesize the current preclinical and clinical evidence on the potential of dietary strategies in mitigating neuroinflammatory pathways, suggesting that targeted nutrition and gut health optimization could serve as promising therapeutic modalities in TBI management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T09:43:03Z","timestamp":1734514983000},"page":"4359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Role of Macronutrients and Gut Microbiota in Neuroinflammation Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Cotoia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis Alexandros","family":"Charitos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cIstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Doctoral School on Applied Neurosciences, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Traslazionale e Neuroscienze (DiBraiN), University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Corriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine-ICU Section, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Tamburrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Cinnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.03.002","article-title":"Traumatic Axonal Injury: Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities","volume":"39","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nolan, S. 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