{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:12:14Z","timestamp":1791763934705,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","award":["72-CA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72-CA-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent insights into the influence of nutrition on immune system components have driven the development of dietary strategies targeting the prevention and management of major metabolic-inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the bidirectional relationship between nutrition and immunocompetence, beginning with an overview of immune system components and their functions. It examines the effects of nutritional status, dietary patterns, and food bioactives on systemic inflammation, immune cell populations, and lymphoid tissues, as well as their associations with infectious and chronic disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms by which key nutrients influence immune constituents are delineated, focusing on vitamins A, D, E, C, and B, as well as minerals including zinc, iron, and selenium. Also highlighted are the immunomodulatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive phenolic compounds and probiotics, given their expanding relevance. Each section addresses the implications of nutritional and nutraceutical interventions involving these nutrients within the broader context of major infectious, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review further underscores that, while targeted nutrient supplementation can effectively restore immune function to optimal levels, caution is necessary in certain cases, as it may increase morbidity in specific diseases. In other instances, dietary counseling should be integrated to ensure that therapeutic goals are achieved safely and effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T09:43:03Z","timestamp":1734514983000},"page":"4363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Dietary Modulation of the Immune System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1164-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"M\u00e9ndez L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Llerena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Alberto","family":"V\u00e1zquez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpha Berenice","family":"Medell\u00edn Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca Edelia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Sol\u00eds P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cabanillas Lomel\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Nutrici\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Monterrey 64460, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.460S","article-title":"Nutrition and the immune system: An introduction","volume":"66","author":"Chandra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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