{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1791977633015,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lubrizol Life Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Magnesium (Mg)-based food supplements contribute to the maintenance of adequate levels of Mg that are essential for overall health and well-being. The aim of this double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical study was to assess the plasma Mg levels in volunteers following the oral administration of a magnesium-based nutraceutical ingredient, MAGSHAPETM microcapsules (Mg-MS), in comparison to other commonly used magnesium sources, including the following: Mg Oxide (MgO), Mg Citrate (Mg-C), and Mg bisglycinate (Mg-BG). Methods: A total of 40 healthy women and men were put on a low-Mg diet for 7 days, and after 8 h of fasting, a blood sample was taken from a digital puncture before (0 h) and 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the oral intake of each product. Results: Our results showed that the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly at all tested time-points after the oral intake of Mg-MS, while the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly only after 1 and 4 h of the oral intake of MgO and Mg-C, respectively. However, no significant increase in Mg levels was observed upon the intake of Mg-BG. Interestingly, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology was observed to enable a sustained increase in plasma Mg levels over the duration of this study, i.e., 1, 4, and 6 h after oral intake. A direct comparison of the increase in plasma Mg levels over the 6 h period revealed that the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology significantly increased Mg bioavailability compared to the non-microencapsulated MgO. Our study also showed that, compared to the other Mg sources tested, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology reduced adverse side effects commonly associated with Mg supplementation, specifically with regard to increased intestinal motility and sensations of gastric heaviness following oral administration. Conclusions: Altogether, this clinical study introduced MAGSHAPETM microcapsules as a bioavailable and well-tolerated alternative to existing Mg-based ingredients used in food supplements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T09:43:03Z","timestamp":1734514983000},"page":"4367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Clinical Study on Magnesium Absorption and Side Effects After Oral Intake of Microencapsulated Magnesium (MAGSHAPETM Microcapsules) Versus Other Magnesium Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Pajuelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionos Biotech SL, LabAnalysis Life Science, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna M.","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionos Biotech SL, LabAnalysis Life Science, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Negra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lubrizol Life Science, 08850 Gav\u00e0, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lubrizol Life Science, 08850 Gav\u00e0, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Mullor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionos Biotech SL, LabAnalysis Life Science, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae134","article-title":"Magnesium biology","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Ionized or Total Magnesium levels, what should we measure in critical ill patients?","volume":"23","author":"Scarpati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Med. UniSa"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.08.049","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Magnesium Bolus Therapy in Cardiothoracic Surgery","volume":"32","author":"Biesenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, June 25). Dietary Reference Values for Magnesium|EFSA [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/4186."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9041694","article-title":"Magnesium and Human Health: Perspectives and Research Directions","volume":"2018","author":"Majoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00461-8","article-title":"Correction: A narrative review on the role of magnesium in immune regulation, inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer","volume":"42","author":"Ashique","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"314","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Abbott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000668","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2017-000668","article-title":"Subclinical magnesium deficiency: A principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.12.022","article-title":"The effects of magnesium supplementation on serum level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and depression status in patients with depression","volume":"42","author":"Afsharfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"130","article-title":"Magnesium citrate supplementation decreased blood pressure and HbA1c in normomagnesemic subjects with metabolic syndrome: A 12-week, placebo-controlled, double-blinded pilot trial","volume":"34","author":"Afitska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03162-1","article-title":"The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: A Systematic Review of Available Literature","volume":"201","author":"Arab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111294","article-title":"Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Pardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109326","article-title":"Microencapsulation of vitamins in food applications to prevent losses in processing and storage: A review","volume":"137","author":"Dhakal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Oliver, M., and Ponce-Alquicira, E. (2022). The Role of Microencapsulation in Food Application. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051499"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olive Li, Y., Dueik Gonz\u00e1lez, V.P., and Diosady, L.L. (2014). Microencapsulation of Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutraceuticals for Food Applications. Microencapsulation in the Food Industry [Internet], Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780124045682000388.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404568-2.00038-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.223453","article-title":"The Circulating Concentration and 24-h Urine Excretion of Magnesium Dose- and Time-Dependently Respond to Oral Magnesium Supplementation in a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2015.150140","article-title":"Measurement of Serum Sodium and Magnesium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Aluminum as Internal Standard","volume":"62","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephenson, D., Nemkov, T., Qadri, S.M., Sheffield, W.P., and D\u2019Alessandro, A. (2022). Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-Novel Insights from an Old Technology into Stressed Red Blood Cell Physiology. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.828087"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac126.001","article-title":"Method validation of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) assay for the analysis of Magnesium, Copper and Zinc in RBC","volume":"158","author":"Bithi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"188","article-title":"High-precision and high-accuracy magnesium isotope analysis on multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a critical mixture double spike technique","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Solid Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8020","article-title":"High-precision determination of lithium and magnesium isotopes utilising single column separation and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Bohlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero-Pino, F., Casquete, M., Castro, M.J., Redondo Del Rio, P., Gutierrez, E., Mayo-Iscar, A., Nocito, M., and Corell, A. (2024). Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Parallel Group Nutritional Study to Evaluate the Effects of Routine Intake of Fresh vs. Pasteurized Yogurt on the Immune System in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121969"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.09.39","article-title":"Comparing baseline characteristics between groups: An introduction to the CBCgrps package","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"163","article-title":"Comparative Baseline Levels of Heavy Metals and Histopathological Notes in Fish from two Coastal Ecosystems of South-West of Spain","volume":"9","author":"Jurado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"coz110","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz110","article-title":"Baseline and stress-induced corticosterone levels across birds and reptiles do not reflect urbanization levels","volume":"8","author":"Injaian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0006082021","article-title":"Defining Baseline Creatinine for Identification of AKI in Population-Based Laboratory Databases: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"3","author":"Graversen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Notari (1986). Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics: An Introduction, CRC Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-014-9392-y","article-title":"Searching for an optimal AUC estimation method: A never-ending task?","volume":"41","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, D.R., Zubieta, J., Gonzalez, R., and Doyle, R.P. (2021). Synthesis and Chemical and Biological Evaluation of a Glycine Tripeptide Chelate of Magnesium. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092419"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5951.2014.04.01.8","article-title":"Bioavailability of Magnesium Salts\u2014A Review","volume":"4","author":"Ragnar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blancquaert, L., Vervaet, C., and Derave, W. (2019). Predicting and Testing Bioavailability of Magnesium Supplements. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071663"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200109000-00008","article-title":"Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of magnesium after administration of magnesium salts to humans","volume":"8","author":"Ranade","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1990.10720349","article-title":"Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide","volume":"9","author":"Lindberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226334","article-title":"Increase in magnesium plasma level after orally administered trimagnesium dicitrate","volume":"49","author":"Wilimzig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"44","article-title":"Oral magnesium load test for the assessment of intestinal magnesium absorption. Application in control subjects, absorptive hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism","volume":"8","author":"Nicar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"65","article-title":"Microencapsulation: A promising technique for controlled drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:52Z","timestamp":1760115292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16244367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16244367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}}}