{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:33:17Z","timestamp":1790127197398,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This article aims to explore the role of the human gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting its influence on health and disease, and investigating potential therapeutic strategies targeting GM modulation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiota\u2019s composition and its interaction with the human body, particularly, its role in neurological and psychiatric conditions, is provided. The review discusses factors influencing GM composition, including birth mode, breastfeeding, diet, medications, and geography. Additionally, it examines the GM\u2019s functions, such as nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and pathogen defense, alongside its interactions with the nervous system through the gut\u2013brain axis, neurotransmitters, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results: Alterations in the GM are linked to various disorders, including Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and autism. The GM influences cognitive functions, stress responses, and mood regulation. Antibiotic use disrupts GM diversity, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders, obesity, and allergic diseases. Emerging therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation show promise in modulating the GM and alleviating symptoms of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Conclusions. The modulation of the GM represents a promising approach for personalized treatment strategies. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop targeted therapies aimed at restoring GM balance for improved clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Gut Microbiota\u2019s Role in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ioannis Alexandros","family":"Charitos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, \u201cInstitute\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Michele","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1494-3519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio Danilo","family":"Inchingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Castellaneta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O.C. Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine\u2014S.I.M.T. Di Venere Hospital, 70131 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Cotoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5947-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianna","family":"Dipalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i28.4368","article-title":"Microbiota Revolution: How Gut Microbes Regulate Our Lives","volume":"29","author":"Colella","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. 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