{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:11:27Z","timestamp":1792451487304,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["143325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anabolic resistance accelerates muscle loss in aging and obesity, thus predisposing to sarcopenic obesity. Methods: In this retrospective analysis of a randomized clinical trial, we examined baseline predictors of the adaptive response to three months of home-based resistance exercise, daily physical activity, and protein-based, multi-ingredient supplementation (MIS) in a cohort of free-living, older males (n = 32). Results: Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that obesity and a Global Risk Index for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were the strongest predictors of \u0394% gains in lean mass (TLM and ASM), LM\/body fat ratios (TLM\/%BF, ASM\/FM, and ASM\/%BF), and allometric LM (ASMI, TLM\/BW, TLM\/BMI, ASM\/BW), with moderately strong, negative correlations to the adaptive response to polytherapy r = \u22120.36 to \u22120.68 (p &lt; 0.05). Kidney function, PA level, and chronological age were only weakly associated with treatment outcomes (p &gt; 0.05). Next, we performed a subgroup analysis in overweight\/obese participants with at least one other MetS risk factor and examined their adaptive response to polytherapy with two types of protein-based MIS (PLA; collagen peptides and safflower oil, n = 8, M5; whey\/casein, creatine, calcium, vitamin D3, and fish oil, n = 12). The M5 group showed greater improvements in LM (ASM; +2% vs. \u22120.8%), LM\/body fat ratios (ASM\/FM; +3.8% vs. \u22125.1%), allometric LM (ASM\/BMI; +1.2% vs. \u22122.5%), strength (leg press; +17% vs. \u22121.4%), and performance (4-Step-Stair-Climb time; \u221210.5% vs. +1.1%) vs. the PLA group (p &lt; 0.05). Bone turnover markers, indicative of bone accretion, were increased pre-to-post intervention in the M5 group only (P1NP; p = 0.036, P1NP\/CTX ratio; p = 0.088). The overall anabolic response, as indicated by ranking low-to-high responders for \u0394% LM (p = 0.0079), strength (p = 0.097), and performance (p = 0.19), was therefore significantly higher in the M5 vs. PLA group (p = 0.013). Conclusions: Our findings confirm that obesity\/MetS is a key driver of anabolic resistance in old age and that a high-quality, whey\/casein-based MIS is more effective than a collagen-based alternative for maintaining musculoskeletal health in individuals at risk for sarcopenic obesity, even when total daily protein intake exceeds current treatment guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats I.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Xhuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta Maria","family":"de Maat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart P.","family":"Hettinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Tarnopolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulussen, K.J.M., McKenna, C.F., Beals, J.W., Wilund, K.R., Salvador, A.F., and Burd, N.A. (2021). Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.615849"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","article-title":"The hallmarks of aging","volume":"153","author":"Blasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, M.I., and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2019). Mitochondria and Aging\u2014The Role of Exercise as a Countermeasure. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020040"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00943-z","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: A clinical overview","volume":"20","author":"Prado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliaki, C., Spinos, T., Spinou, \u039c., Brinia, \u039c.E., Mitsopoulou, D., and Katsilambros, N. (2018). Defining the Optimal Dietary Approach for Safe, Effective and Sustainable Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults. Healthcare, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6030073"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321001","article-title":"Changes in Energy Expenditure Resulting from Altered Body Weight","volume":"332","author":"Leibel","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21653","article-title":"How Strongly Does Appetite Counter Weight Loss? Quantification of the Feedback Control of Human Energy Intake","volume":"24","author":"Polidori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., He, W., Yang, G., Zhu, L., and Liu, X. (2024). The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14060344"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22493","article-title":"Weight Cycling as a Risk Factor for Low Muscle Mass and Strength in a Population of Males and Females with Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399816666200705210006","article-title":"Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Muscle Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12838","article-title":"Anti-diabetic drugs and sarcopenia: Emerging links, mechanistic insights, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2343092","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: Insights from clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Bikou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2416775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.16775","article-title":"Bone Health After Exercise Alone, GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment, or Combination Treatment: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13370","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13370","article-title":"The magnitude and progress of lean body mass, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass loss following bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Nuijten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, D., and Berg, A. (2021). Weight Loss Strategies and the Risk of Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072473"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616aa2","article-title":"Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association","volume":"39","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1514009","article-title":"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity","volume":"376","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000517","article-title":"Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults","volume":"75","author":"Wadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, M.I., Mikhail, A., Lan, L., Di Carlo, A., Hamilton, B., Barnard, K., Hettinga, B.P., Hatcher, E., Tarnopolsky, M.G., and Nederveen, J.P. (2020). A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082391"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nederveen, J.P., Mastrolonardo, A.J., Xhuti, D., Di Carlo, A., Manta, K., Fuda, M.R., and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2023). Novel Multi-Ingredient Supplement Facilitates Weight Loss and Improves Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173693"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"9393","article-title":"Single nuclei profiling identifies cell specific markers of skeletal muscle aging, frailty, and senescence","volume":"14","author":"Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agborsangaya, C.B., Ngwakongnwi, E., Lahtinen, M., Cooke, T., and Johnson, J.A. (2013). Multimorbidity prevalence in the general population: The role of obesity in chronic disease clustering. BMC Public. Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1161"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"87","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of chronic disease multimorbidity and associated determinants in Canada","volume":"35","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2018). Body Mass Index, Overweight or Obese, Self-Reported, Adult, Age Groups (18 Years and Older), Statistics Canada. Table 13-10-0096-20."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2018). Physical Activity, Self-Reported, Adult, by Age Group, Statistics Canada. Table 13-10-0096-13."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.3183","article-title":"Effect of a simple and adherent home exercise program on the physical function of community dwelling adults sixty years of age and older with pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia","volume":"28","author":"Maruya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarnopolsky, M., Zimmer, A., Paikin, J., Aboud, A., Pearce, E., Roy, B., and Doherty, T. (2007). Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000991"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097608","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults","volume":"52","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200202000-00027","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"34","author":"Kraemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults","volume":"41","author":"Proctor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-80","article-title":"How many steps\/day are enough? For older adults and special populations","volume":"8","author":"Craig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deane, C.S., Bass, J.J., Crossland, H., Phillips, B.E., and Atherton, P.J. (2020). Animal, Plant, Collagen and Blended Dietary Proteins: Effects on Musculoskeletal Outcomes. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092670"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009","article-title":"The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"McKendry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz332","article-title":"Whey protein but not collagen peptides stimulate acute and longer-term muscle protein synthesis with and without resistance exercise in healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"Oikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.014","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement","volume":"41","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12268","article-title":"Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: A need for a reference standard","volume":"9","author":"Buckinx","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7115","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007115","article-title":"Effects of elastic resistance exercise on body composition and physical capacity in older women with sarcopenic obesity: A CONSORT-compliant prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, T.R., and Chen, C.H. (2017). Bone biomarker for the clinical assessment of osteoporosis: Recent developments and future perspectives. Biomark. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0097-4"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-201","article-title":"The clinical utility of bone marker measurements in osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Wheater","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102624","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: A randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial","volume":"72","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0550","article-title":"Protein requirements beyond the RDA: Implications for optimizing health","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, K.E., Snijders, T., Zulyniak, M., Kumbhare, D., Parise, G., Chabowski, A., and Phillips, S.M. (2017). A whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional supplement stimulates gains in lean body mass and strength in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181387"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy003","article-title":"Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance?","volume":"9","author":"Traylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls229","article-title":"Is the optimal level of protein intake for older adults greater than the recommended dietary allowance?","volume":"68","author":"Volpi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.084038","article-title":"The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance234","volume":"101","author":"Leidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","article-title":"Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Markus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.031","article-title":"Association between appendicular skeletal muscle index and leukocyte telomere length in adults: A study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132002","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Chung, H.S., Kim, Y.J., Choi, M.K., Roh, Y.K., Yu, J.M., Oh, C.M., Kim, J., and Moon, S. (2023). Association between body composition and the risk of mortality in the obese population in the United States. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1257902"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276210","article-title":"Altered anabolic signalling and reduced stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis after feeding and resistance exercise in people with obesity","volume":"596","author":"Beals","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130385","article-title":"Anabolic sensitivity of postprandial muscle protein synthesis to the ingestion of a protein-dense food is reduced in overweight and obese young adults","volume":"104","author":"Beals","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00869","article-title":"Age-Related Anabolic Resistance of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Exacerbated in Obese Inactive Individuals","volume":"102","author":"Smeuninx","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-224006","article-title":"Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity","volume":"27","author":"Nilsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0021","article-title":"Obesity Appears to Be Associated with Altered Muscle Protein Synthetic and Breakdown Responses to Increased Nutrient Delivery in Older Men, but Not Reduced Muscle Mass or Contractile Function","volume":"64","author":"Murton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy193","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the impact of protein supplementation on leg lean mass and integrated muscle protein synthesis during inactivity and energy restriction in older persons","volume":"108","author":"Oikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jendricke, P., Centner, C., Zdzieblik, D., Gollhofer, A., and K\u00f6nig, D. (2019). Specific Collagen Peptides in Combination with Resistance Training Improve Body Composition and Regional Muscle Strength in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040892"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdzieblik, D., Brame, J., Oesser, S., Gollhofer, A., and K\u00f6nig, D. (2021). The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Knee Joint Discomfort in Young Physically Active Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020523"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdzieblik, D., Jendricke, P., Oesser, S., Gollhofer, A., and K\u00f6nig, D. (2021). The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged, Untrained Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094837"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002810","article-title":"Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"Zdzieblik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2021.28.3.207","article-title":"Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides in Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: Long-Term Observation in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"28","author":"Zdzieblik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451600221X","article-title":"Exceptional body composition changes attributed to collagen peptide supplementation and resistance training in older sarcopenic men","volume":"116","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab083","article-title":"The impact of collagen protein ingestion on musculoskeletal connective tissue remodeling: A narrative review","volume":"80","author":"Holwerda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataeinosrat, A., Haghighi, M.M., Abednatanzi, H., Soltani, M., Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Nouri-Habashi, A., Amani-Shalamzari, S., Mossayebi, A., Khademosharie, M., and Johnson, K.E. (2022). Effects of Three Different Modes of Resistance Training on Appetite Hormones in Males with Obesity. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.827335"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.003723","article-title":"Effect of Dairy Proteins on Appetite, Energy Expenditure, Body Weight, and Composition: A Review of the Evidence from Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"4","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100069","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100069","article-title":"Effect of Reversal of Whey-Protein to Casein Ratio of Cow Milk, on Insulin, Incretin, and Amino Acid Responses in Humans","volume":"65","author":"Toffolon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab078","article-title":"Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Watkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Xu, Y., Ji, H., and Zhao, Y. (2022). Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279889"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12143","article-title":"Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: A critical review and critique of this widely cited rule","volume":"15","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616338","article-title":"Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, in Dieting Obese Older Adults","volume":"376","author":"Villareal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008234","article-title":"Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults","volume":"364","author":"Villareal","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000563","article-title":"Epidemiology of fragility fractures and fall prevention in the elderly: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Tsuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Orthop. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2754","article-title":"Decline in Bone Mass During Weight Loss: A Cause for Concern?","volume":"31","author":"Schafer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70183-9","article-title":"Bone loss after bariatric surgery: Causes, consequences, and management","volume":"2","author":"Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2463-x","article-title":"Fracture risk following bariatric surgery: A population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2226","article-title":"Bone metabolism after bariatric surgery","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2707","article-title":"The Impact of Vitamin D, Calcium, Protein Supplementation, and Physical Exercise on Bone Metabolism After Bariatric Surgery: The BABS Study","volume":"31","author":"Muschitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111001935","article-title":"The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins","volume":"6","author":"Oftedal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/500020a","article-title":"Archaeology: The milk revolution","volume":"500","author":"Curry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:58:06Z","timestamp":1760115486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/24\/4407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16244407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16244407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]}}}