{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:26:35Z","timestamp":1762957595374,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","award":["14-156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fructose (50% of sucrose\/sugar) is one component of free-sugars and is metabolized to uric acid, which is a known risk factor for gout and metabolic syndrome. Pacific peoples in New Zealand experience a higher prevalence of gout, type 2 diabetes, and overweight\/obesity than other ethnic groups. Interestingly, despite having a similar body mass index (BMI), they tend to have a higher proportion of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) and less fat than other ethnic groups. Given this context, this study aimed to evaluate the associations between serum uric acid (SUA), free-sugar intake, and ASMM. Methods: In a nested sub-study from the Pacific Islands Families birth-cohort study, 101 boys and 99 girls (all aged 14 and 15 years) self-reported how often they had consumed foods containing sugar in the past month. Anthropometry, body fatness, and ASMM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and metabolic risk factors, including SUA were measured. Results: Overall, 43% of girls and 57% of boys consumed \u2018sugary drinks\u2019 twice or more a day. When analyzed by group, ASMM was positively related to SUA for both boys and girls (r = 0.593, p &lt; 0.0001). The effect of the intake of \u2018sugary drinks\u2019 on SUA (r = 0.176, p = 0.013) was reduced when ASMM was considered in the relationships. Conclusions: This study shows high SUA levels in Pacific adolescents, with a positive association between ASMM and SUA in both genders. Sugary drink intake was positively associated with SUA in both boys and girls. High ASMM in Pacific people and an increased risk for raised SUA make it important to work with Pacific communities to reduce added sugar intake and adopt integrated, family-based, culturally centered, and life-course approaches to prevent chronic diseases, including gout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T09:23:36Z","timestamp":1735291416000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pacific Islands Families Study: Serum Uric Acid in Pacific Youth and the Associations with Free-Sugar Intake and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabnam","family":"Jalili-Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences (NISAN), School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gael","family":"Mearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Plank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El-Shadan","family":"Tautolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUT Pacific Health Research Centre, School of Public Health and Interprofessional Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0265","article-title":"Elevated serum uric acid, hyperuricaemia and dietary patterns among adolescents in mainland China","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04357-w","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on uric acid levels among Chinese adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"21","article-title":"Serum uric acid in children and adolescents","volume":"54","author":"Rosini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.03.003","article-title":"Physiological functions and pathogenic potential of uric acid: A review","volume":"8","author":"Tallima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2024, October 14). New Zealand Health Survey 2022\/23: Annual Data Explorer. Available online: https:\/\/minhealthnz.shinyapps.io\/nz-health-survey-2023-24-annual-data-explorer\/_w_4d0a8767\/#!\/home."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00645-1","article-title":"Youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: An urgent challenge","volume":"19","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"PwC New Zealand Ltd. (2024, October 14). e Economic and Social Cost of Type 2 Diabetes \u2013 Full Report. Diabetes New Zealand, Edgar Diabetes and Obesity Research, Healthier Lives - He Oranga Hauora National Science Challenge, Tony and Heather Falkenstein. Available online: https:\/\/ourarchive.otago.ac.nz\/esploro\/outputs\/report\/Economic-and-Social-Cost-of-Type\/9926478578501891#file-0."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-2016-6","article-title":"Population-specific factors associated with fractional excretion of uric acid","volume":"21","author":"Narang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0004-x","article-title":"An update on the genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout","volume":"14","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0781-4","article-title":"Body mass index modulates the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage intake with serum urate concentrations and gout","volume":"17","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.109","article-title":"Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion","volume":"213","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.02.027","article-title":"The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout","volume":"78","author":"Merriman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2024.105704","article-title":"Early-onset gout","volume":"91","author":"Pascart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e70095","article-title":"The impact of fructose consumption on human health: Effects on obesity, hyperglycemia, diabetes, uric acid, and oxidative stress with a focus on the liver","volume":"16","author":"Baharuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F625","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00140.2005","article-title":"A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome","volume":"290","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0033","article-title":"Hypothesis: Could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes?","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220230","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0230","article-title":"The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity","volume":"378","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508207221","article-title":"Body size, body composition and fat distribution: Comparative analysis of European, Maori, Pacific Island and Asian Indian adults","volume":"102","author":"Rush","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2017.41.5.327","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis and Its Role in Whole Body Energy Metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Periasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rush, E.C., Coppinger, T., Jalili-Moghaddam, S., Tautolo, E.-S., and Plank, L.D. (2022). Relationships between physical function, body composition and metabolic health in Pacific Island youth. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260203"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.240515","article-title":"Biochemical marker reference values across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: Establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey","volume":"61","author":"Adeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"81","article-title":"Elevation of serum uric acid and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05620-3","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in uric acid concentration and their relationship with chronic kidney disease progression in children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.47","article-title":"Serum uric acid in US adolescents: Distribution and relationship to demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"72","author":"Shatat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203600","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: A risk factor for prevalent gout with SLC2A9 genotype-specific effects on serum urate and risk of gout","volume":"73","author":"Batt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091041","article-title":"Intake of added sugar and sugar-sweetened drink and serum uric acid concentration in US men and women","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12796","article-title":"Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and serum uric acid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Saneei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.01.015","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents","volume":"154","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2020.2","article-title":"High sugar-sweetened beverage intake frequency is associated with smoking, irregular meal intake and higher serum uric acid in Taiwanese adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Shih","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de-Magistris, T. (2020). Nutrition, Choice and Health-Related Claims. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030650"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.025","article-title":"Serum uric acid concentrations and fructose consumption are independently associated with NASH in children and adolescents","volume":"66","author":"Mosca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013407","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013407","article-title":"Cohort profile: Pacific Islands Families (PIF) growth study, Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"6","author":"Rush","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2003). NZ Food NZ Children: Key Results of the 2002 National Children\u2019s Nutrition Survey."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"University of Otago and Ministry of Health (2011). Methodology Report for the 2008\/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC Growth Charts: United States","volume":"8","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x","article-title":"Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2016). Clinical Guidelines for Weight Management in New Zealand Children and Young People."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.214","article-title":"Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry","volume":"52","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.09.009","article-title":"Uric acid reference values for children and adolescents should be stratified by pubertal stage","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000456","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000456","article-title":"Metformin in gestational diabetes: The offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): Body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7\u20139 years of age","volume":"6","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"24","article-title":"Pacific Islands Families Study: Signs of puberty are associated with physical growth at ages 9 and 11 years","volume":"128","author":"Rush","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicero, A.F.G., Fogacci, F., Di Micoli, V., Angeloni, C., Giovannini, M., and Borghi, C. (2023). Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087027"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1254S","article-title":"Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance","volume":"65","author":"Cleveland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws002","article-title":"Hyperuricemia in young adults and risk of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and diabetes: A 15-year follow-up study","volume":"176","author":"Krishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01137-1","article-title":"The pathogenesis of gout: Molecular insights from genetic, epigenomic and transcriptomic studies","volume":"20","author":"Leask","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12914","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12914","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages intake and the risk of obesity in children: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Tofigh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"125","article-title":"Accuracy of dietary energy reporting in young New Zealand men and women: Relationships to body composition, physical activity level and ethnicity","volume":"2","author":"Rush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Body Compos. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2023.0012","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores and the risk of childhood overweight\/obesity in association with the consumption of sweetened beverages: A population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Sycamnias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Obes."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12399","article-title":"Validity of short food questionnaire items to measure intake in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Golley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw037","article-title":"Sugar and Type 2 diabetes","volume":"120","author":"Lean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665123002689","article-title":"Adolescent nutrition and health: Characteristics, risk factors and opportunities of an overlooked life stage","volume":"82","author":"McNulty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx020","article-title":"Perspective: Total, Added, or Free? What Kind of Sugars Should We Be Talking About?","volume":"9","author":"Mela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"57","article-title":"Pasifika Prediabetes Youth Empowerment Programme: Learnings from a youth-led community-based intervention study","volume":"134","author":"Firestone","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:01:17Z","timestamp":1760115677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17010054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17010054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}}}