{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:11:55Z","timestamp":1785208315241,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are common and play a significant role in the prognosis of many chronic diseases, including heart failure (HF), but their prevalence in HF is not well known. As studies have traditionally focused on causes originating within the intestines, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) has been overlooked as a potential contributor. The exocrine pancreas enables the absorption of various (fat-soluble) micronutrients and may be insufficient in HF. We hypothesize that EPI contributes to micronutrient deficiencies in HF. Objectives: To evaluate micronutrient concentrations in HF cases and their association with clinical characteristics and EPI. Materials and Methods: Plasma samples from 59 consecutive hospitalized patients with HF were analyzed for vitamins A, D, and E and the minerals selenium and zinc. EPI was defined as fecal elastase 1 level &lt; 206 \u03bcg\/g. Results: The mean age of patients was 59 \u00b1 14 years, with 24 (41%) being women, and a median NT-proBNP concentration of 3726 [2104\u20136704] pg\/mL was noted. Vitamin A deficiency occurred in eight (14%) of the patients, and 12 (20%) exceeded the upper limit. More than half (51%) were vitamin D-deficient. No patients showed vitamin E deficiency, but 14 (24%) had elevated levels. Selenium deficiency was common, affecting 36 (61%) patients, while zinc was below the normal range in seven patients (12%). Micronutrient levels did not differ significantly based on the presence of EPI. Conclusions: This study provides novel insights into the micronutrient status of patients with HF. Deficiencies in vitamins A and D, selenium, and zinc are prevalent in HF, but these findings are not associated with exocrine pancreatic function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T09:23:36Z","timestamp":1735291416000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Micronutrient Deficiencies in Heart Failure and Relationship with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene A. T.","family":"Vijver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Bomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Verdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk J.","family":"van Veldhuisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier C.","family":"Dams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13456","article-title":"Micronutrient Deficiencies in Heart Failure: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Common Pathophysiological Mechanism?","volume":"291","author":"Cleland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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