{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:33:14Z","timestamp":1791261194201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]],"date-time":"2024-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Creatine monohydrate supplementation is widely used by athletes in high-intensity, power-based sports due to its ability to enhance short-term performance by increasing intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) stores, which aid in ATP resynthesis during intense muscle contractions. However, emerging evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate offers benefits beyond athletic performance. This narrative review explores the literature supporting the advantages of creatine supplementation in women, vegans, and clinical populations. In women, who typically have lower baseline intramuscular creatine levels, supplementation may help alleviate fatigue-related symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, particularly during the early follicular and luteal phases. For vegans and vegetarians, who often have reduced creatine stores due to the absence of creatine-rich animal products in their diet, supplementation can improve both physical and cognitive performance while supporting adherence to plant-based diets. Additionally, creatine supplementation holds potential for various clinical populations. It may mitigate muscle wasting in conditions such as sarcopenia and cachexia, support neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s and Huntington\u2019s, improve exercise capacity in cardiovascular diseases, and enhance energy metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Creatine may also aid recovery from traumatic brain injury by promoting brain energy metabolism and reducing neuronal damage. In conclusion, creatine monohydrate supplementation can enhance physical performance, cognitive function, and overall health in women, vegans, and clinical populations by addressing creatine deficiencies, improving energy metabolism, and supporting recovery from physical and neurological challenges. Most available evidence supports the effectiveness of creatine monohydrate, which should be considered the preferred form of creatine supplementation over other variants. Additionally, proper creatine dosing is essential to maximize benefits and minimize potential adverse effects that may arise from chronic ingestion of excessively high doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T12:51:24Z","timestamp":1735822284000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Creatine Supplementation Beyond Athletics: Benefits of Different Types of Creatine for Women, Vegans, and Clinical Populations\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Hell\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Del Coso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7909-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Franco-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gamonales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"},{"name":"Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C.","family":"Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana (CIPER), Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & INnovation CenTer (SPRINT), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7000-645 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Planetary Health and Performance, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-2701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Varillas-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150722102613","article-title":"Creatine and the Liver: Metabolism and Possible Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Barcelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mini Rev. 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