{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:29:36Z","timestamp":1783524576767,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["001052-23\/06\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001052-23\/06\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A neuroinflammatory disease such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, presents a significant challenge in neurotherapeutics, particularly due to the complex etiology and allostatic factors, referred to as CNS stressors, that accelerate the development and progression of the disease. These CNS stressors include cerebral hypo-glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impairment of neuronal autophagy, hypoxic insults and neuroinflammation. This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of DAG-MAG-\u0392HB, a novel ketone diester, in mitigating these risk factors by sustaining therapeutic ketosis, independent of conventional metabolic pathways. Methods: We evaluated the intestinal absorption of DAG-MAG-\u0392HB and the metabolic impact in human microglial cells. Utilizing the HMC3 human microglia cell line, we examined the compound\u2019s effect on cellular viability, Acetyl-CoA and ATP levels, and key metabolic enzymes under hypoglycemia. Additionally, we assessed the impact of DAG-AG-\u0392HB on inflammasome activation, mitochondrial activity, ROS levels, inflammation and phagocytic rates. Results: DAG-MAG-\u0392HB showed a high rate of intestinal absorption and no cytotoxic effect. In vitro, DAG-MAG-\u0392HB enhanced cell viability, preserved morphological integrity, and maintained elevated Acetyl-CoA and ATP levels under hypoglycemic conditions. DAG-MAG-\u0392HB increased the activity of BDH1 and SCOT, indicating ATP production via a ketolytic pathway. DAG-MAG-\u0392HB showed remarkable resilience against low glucose condition by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions: In summary, DAG-MAG-\u0392HB emerges as a promising treatment for neuroinflammatory conditions. It enhances cellular health under varying metabolic states and exhibits neuroprotective properties against low glucose conditions. These attributes indicate its potential as an effective component in managing neuroinflammatory diseases, addressing their complex progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1735628437000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["DAG-MAG-\u0392HB: A Novel Ketone Diester Modulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Microglial Cells in Response to Beta-Amyloid and Low Glucose AD-like Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4572-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Gentili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Schiuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latha Nagamani","family":"Dilliraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Beltrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9246-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djidjell","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Bortolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6666-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Trapella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Narducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Management Department, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo 154-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0529","article-title":"The Cause of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Theory of Multipathology Convergence to Chronic Neuronal Stress","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2019.1566813","article-title":"Vestibular impairment, cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Balancing the evidence","volume":"24","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0755-1","article-title":"Plasma P-tau181 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relationship to other biomarkers, differential diagnosis, neuropathology and longitudinal progression to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"26","author":"Janelidze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0113-1","article-title":"Beyond the neuron-cellular interactions early in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Henstridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.001","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies","volume":"179","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"307","article-title":"Microglial response to amyloid plaques in APPsw transgenic mice","volume":"152","author":"Frautschy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7840","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0730-11.2011","article-title":"Stress acts cumulatively to precipitate Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like tau pathology and cognitive deficits","volume":"31","author":"Sotiropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0049","article-title":"Association of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness with Longitudinal \u03b2-Amyloid Accumulation in Elderly Persons Without Dementia","volume":"75","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.003","article-title":"Biomarker Modeling of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"80","author":"Clifford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"100491","article-title":"Ketone body therapy with D\/L-\u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid solution in severe MADD","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Metabol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.19-87","article-title":"Ketone production by ketogenic diet and by intermittent fasting has different effects on the gut microbiota and disease progression in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat model","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104506","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of sustained exogenous ketosis using ketone monoester drinks for 28 days in healthy adults","volume":"109","author":"Vansant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13961","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13961","article-title":"Delaying latency to hyperbaric oxygen-induced CNS oxygen toxicity seizures by combinations of exogenous ketone supplements","volume":"7","author":"Ari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.010","article-title":"Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101339","article-title":"Effects of monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-\u03b2 on clinical and biomarker outcomes and adverse event risks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of phase III RCTs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poff, A.M., Moss, S., Soliven, M., and D\u2019agostino, D.P. (2021). Ketone supplementation: Meeting the needs of the brain in an energy crisis. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.783659"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, O., Blonquist, T.M., Mah, E., Sanoshy, K., Beckman, D., Nieman, K.M., Winters, B.L., Anthony, J.C., Verdin, E., and Newman, J.C. (2021). Tolerability and Safety of a Novel Ketogenic Ester, Bis-Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062066"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01246-y","article-title":"Exogenous Ketone Supplementation and Keto-Adaptation for Endurance Performance: Disentangling the Effects of Two Distinct Metabolic States","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2023.104585","article-title":"Ketone bodies supplementation restores the barrier function, induces a metabolic switch, and elicits beta-hydroxybutyrate diffusion across a monolayer of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"150","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Narducci, M., Trapella, C., Rizzo, R., Giovannini, P.P., Djidjell, L., Nagamani, D.L., and Elli, M. (2021). Miscela di un Mono-Estere e un Di-Estere, in cui Detti Mono-Estere e Di-Estere sono Esteri Dell\u2019acido (R)-3-idrossibutanoico con un Polialcol, Processo per la Preparazione della Miscela e Relativi Usi Medici. (102021000020441), Patent Number."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/arriveguidelines.org\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). Available online: https:\/\/web-archive.oecd.org\/2018-01-11\/470063-Revision%20TG%20408%202018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"ICH (2022, January 10). S7A\u2014US Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry: Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals (S7A), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/s7a-safety-pharmacology-studies-human-pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.021","article-title":"JWH-018 impairs sensorimotor functions in mice","volume":"300","author":"Ossato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60702J","article-title":"A Standardised Static in Vitro Digestion Method Suitable for Food\u2014An International Consensus","volume":"5","author":"Minekus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54648","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c10404","article-title":"Transparent Polymeric Formulations Effective against SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"13","author":"Gentili","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600035","article-title":"Efficacy and Pharmacology of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor CP-456,773 (CRID3) in Murine Models of Dermal and Pulmonary Inflammation","volume":"197","author":"Primiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodi, G., Gentili, V., Casciano, F., Romani, A., Zauli, G., Secchiero, P., Zauli, E., Simioni, C., Beltrami, S., and Fernandez, M. (2022). Cell cycle block by p53 activation reduces SARS-CoV-2 release in infected alveolar basal epithelial A549-hACE2 cells. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1018761"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, M., Wang, L., Wu, T., Xi, J., Han, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, D., Fang, Q., and Tang, B. (2016). NLRP3 Activation Was Regulated by DNA Methylation Modification during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4323281"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolotti, D., Gentili, V., Rizzo, S., Schiuma, G., Beltrami, S., Strazzabosco, G., Fernandez, M., Caccuri, F., Caruso, A., and Rizzo, R. (2021). TLR3 and TLR7 RNA Sensor Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091820"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0552-6","article-title":"HHV-6A infection induces amyloid-beta expression and activation of microglial cells","volume":"11","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayuso, M., Van Cruchten, S., and Van Ginneken, C. (2020). A Medium-Throughput System for In Vitro Oxidative Stress Assessment in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197263"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Herrera, O.M., Hong, B.V., Mendiola, U.R., Maezawa, I., Jin, L.W., Lebrilla, C.B., Harvey, D.J., and Zivkovic, A.M. (2023). Cholesterol, Amyloid Beta, Fructose, and LPS Influence ROS and ATP Concentrations and the Phagocytic Capacity of HMC3 Human Microglia Cell Line. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210396"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156995","article-title":"Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica","volume":"320","author":"Dostert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12999","article-title":"Can ketones compensate for deteriorating brain glucose uptake during aging? Implications for the risk and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"1367","author":"Cunnane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600773R","article-title":"Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.015","article-title":"Brain glucose and ketone utilization in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"154","author":"Kapogiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200609000-00009","article-title":"Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"17","author":"Gasior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhavan, S.S., Diaz, S.R., Peralta, S., Nomura, M., King, C.D., Ceyhan, K.E., Lin, A., Bhaumik, D., Foulger, A.C., and Shah, S. (2024). \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate is a metabolic regulator of proteostasis in the aged and Alzheimer disease brain. Cell Chem. Biol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2024.11.001"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.460","article-title":"Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"301","author":"Whitmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamanashi, T., Iwata, M., Kamiya, N., Tsunetomi, K., Kajitani, N., Wada, N., Iitsuka, T., Yamauchi, T., Miura, A., and Pu, S. (2017). Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates stress-induced behavioral and inflammatory responses. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08055-1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01948-5","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits inflammasome activation to attenuate Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"17","author":"Shippy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate: A Signaling Metabolite","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.10.5440","article-title":"D-beta-hydroxybutyrate protects neurons in models of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Kashiwaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R046292","article-title":"Ketone ester effects on metabolism and transcription","volume":"55","author":"Veech","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.032","article-title":"Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer\u2019s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"47","author":"Nagpal","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trotta, M.C., Maisto, R., Guida, F., Boccella, S., Luongo, L., Balta, C., D\u2019amico, G., Herman, H., Hermenean, A., and Bucolo, C. (2019). The activation of retinal HCA2 receptors by systemic beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits diabetic retinal damage through reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211005"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940168","article-title":"Signaling by ROS drives inflammasome activation","volume":"40","author":"Martinon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2725","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation: The convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?","volume":"10","author":"Tschopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.04.009","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate exposure restores mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle satellite cells of critically ill patients","volume":"43","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:57:54Z","timestamp":1760115474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17010149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17010149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]}}}