{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:46:54Z","timestamp":1783338414206,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Studies have shown that chronobiological factors may adversely affect glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the association of chronobiological factors with glycemic control and neonatal birth weight in women with GDM. Methods: A prospective cohort study included 208 women aged 18\u201345 years with a singleton pregnancy who were randomly selected from among women undergoing follow-up for GDM at the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit of a tertiary medical center. Nutrition, sleep, and lifestyle patterns were assessed from onset of GDM until birth along with glycemic control and birth outcomes. Results: Multivariate analyses on a cohort of 208 women revealed that suboptimal glycemic control was associated with a late breakfast (RR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.09\u20134.67), increased carbohydrate intake in the evening (RR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.003\u20131.42), and poor sleep quality (RR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.04\u20134.41). The adjusted relative risk for neonatal birth weight above the 85th percentile was associated with increased carbohydrate intake in the morning (RR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.30\u20132.23) and increased carbohydrate intake in the evening (RR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.16\u20131.67). Conclusions: Chronobiological factors are associated with suboptimal glycemic control and birth weight above the 85th percentile in women with GDM. The study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov.org, identifier: NCT02916667.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T10:17:40Z","timestamp":1735640260000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chronobiological Factors Influencing Glycemic Control and Birth Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Messika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoel","family":"Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Hadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riva","family":"Tauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Sieratzki-Sagol Institute for Sleep Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6492416, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9061-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Froy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4287-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raanan","family":"Shamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Disease (RS), Schneider Children\u2019s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.017","article-title":"Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans","volume":"84","author":"Poggiogalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30815","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and disease: Relationship, new insights, and future perspectives","volume":"237","author":"Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., and Dimitriadis, G.D. (2022). Effects of Diet, Lifestyle, Chrononutrition and Alternative Dietary Interventions on Postprandial Glycemia and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040823"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3778","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3778","article-title":"Chrononutrition in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Verde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentzelou, M., Papadopoulou, S.K., Psara, E., Voulgaridou, G., Pavlidou, E., Androutsos, O., and Giaginis, C. (2024). Chrononutrition in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Disorders: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050722"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.005","article-title":"Late meal intake is associated with abdominal obesity and metabolic disorders related to metabolic syndrome: A chrononutrition approach using data from NHANES 2015\u20132018","volume":"42","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12323","article-title":"The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono-nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight","volume":"43","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.059","article-title":"Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System","volume":"27","author":"Wehrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12351","article-title":"Chronobesity: Role of the circadian system in the obesity epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Laermans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.118","article-title":"The chronobiology, etiology and pathophysiology of obesity","volume":"34","author":"Garaulet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99701","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.99701","article-title":"Association of Evening Chronotype with Poor Control of Type 2 Diabetes: Roles of Sleep Duration and Insomnia Level","volume":"18","author":"Hashemipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0122-1","article-title":"Circadian clocks and insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Stenvers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12355","article-title":"Interactions between sleep, circadian function, and glucose metabolism: Implications for risk and severity of diabetes","volume":"1311","author":"Reutrakul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02026-4","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Badakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.004","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Treatment, and Complications","volume":"29","author":"Johns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100660","article-title":"Relationship among chrononutrition, sleep, and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Messika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70323-6","article-title":"When is fasting really fasting? The influence of time of day, interval after a meal, and maternal body mass on maternal glycemia in gestational diabetes","volume":"181","author":"Sacks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.2.S172","article-title":"Percentage of carbohydrate and glycemic response to breakfast, lunch, and dinner in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Peterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, L., Christensen, M.L., Poulsen, C.W., Rud, C., Christensen, A.S., Andersen, J.R., Kampmann, U., and Ovesen, P.G. (2020). Effect of high versus low carbohydrate intake in the morning on glycemic variability and glycemic control measured by continuous blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus-A randomized crossover study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020475"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181ae8d85","article-title":"Carpenter-Coustan criteria compared with the national diabetes data group thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"114","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, December 29). National Health and Nutrition Survey Birth to 2 Years 2009\u20132012. The Israeli Ministry of Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.il\/blobFolder\/reports\/mabat-infant\/he\/files_publications_units_ICDC_Background-methods_English.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","article-title":"Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range","volume":"42","author":"Battelino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). Child Growth Standards based on length\/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr. Suppl., 95, 76\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"311","article-title":"Birth weight standards in the live-born population in Israel","volume":"7","author":"Dollberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-0109-6","article-title":"Chrononutrition in the management of diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2753","article-title":"Influences of Breakfast on Clock Gene Expression and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Individuals and Individuals With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"40","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"626","article-title":"Benefits of time-restricted feeding","volume":"14","author":"Greenhill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ruiz, R.P., Cabello-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.I., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, F.J., and G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1mano, M.\u00c1. (2024). Meal frequency strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes subjects: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298531"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Surampudi, P., Field, N.T., and Chondronikola, M. (2021). Meal Timing and Glycemic Control during Pregnancy-Is There a Link?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103379"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12181","article-title":"Association of late-night carbohydrate intake with glucose tolerance among pregnant African American women","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000441","article-title":"Predominantly night-time feeding and maternal glycaemic levels during pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Loy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2003). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 26, S103\u2013S105.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S103"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1356","article-title":"Glucocorticoids reprogram \u03b2-cell signaling to preserve insulin secretion","volume":"67","author":"Fine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.07.014","article-title":"Maternal Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Pregnancy and Increased Nocturnal Glucose Levels in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"159","author":"Newbold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2017.11.001","article-title":"The role of sleep duration and sleep disordered breathing in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Gooley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Sleep. Circadian Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01708-8","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and gestational diabetes: Working conditions, sleeping habits and lifestyle influence insulin dependency during pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Weschenfelder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:58:12Z","timestamp":1760115492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/1\/157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17010157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17010157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]}}}