{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:16:01Z","timestamp":1792030561560,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["FAR2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2024"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["FIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-celiac gluten\/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) is a syndrome for which pathogenesis and management remain debated. It is described as a condition characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms rapidly occurring after gluten ingestion in subjects who have had celiac disease or wheat allergy excluded. To date, the diagnosis of NCGWS is challenging as no universally recognized biomarkers have been yet identified, nor has a predisposing genetic profile been described. However, the research is moving fast, and new data regarding pathogenic pathways, patients\u2019 classification, potential candidate biomarkers, and dietary interventions are emerging. Methods: This literature review aims to address the state of the art and summarize the latest updates in this field from 2019 to date. Results and Conclusions: Clinical studies regarding NCGWS in the last five years are reported to shed light on this complex condition and to guide specialists towards a more in-depth, prompt, and objective diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T11:56:22Z","timestamp":1736337382000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Non-Celiac Gluten\/Wheat Sensitivity\u2014State of the Art: A Five-Year Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Manza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Lungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8644-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Costanzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Carroccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, \u201cV. Cervello\u201d Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti \u201cVilla Sofia-Cervello\u201d, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0406-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Mansueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Seidita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, \u201cV. Cervello\u201d Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti \u201cVilla Sofia-Cervello\u201d, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suneil A.","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0872-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Caio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital\u2014Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumolo, M.G., Rettura, F., Melissari, S., Costa, F., Ricchiuti, A., Ceccarelli, L., de Bortoli, N., Marchi, S., and Bellini, M. 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