{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1784694825676,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, several observational studies proved a certain efficacy of nutraceuticals, herbal products, and other dietary supplements as adjuvant therapies used alongside antiviral drugs. Although their use has not been widespread in Italy, according to preliminary evidence, many supplements with demonstrated immunomodulatory effects, such as vitamins C and D, herbal medicines and essential oils, might relieve the respiratory symptoms of COVID-19, since SARS-CoV-2 can activate inflammasome-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways. Other observational studies have shown that herbal treatments, such as Echinacea purpurea and ginseng, help alleviate respiratory symptoms and reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are typically overexpressed in both adult and pediatric SARS-CoV-2 patients. Further, vitamins C and D can attenuate the immune response thanks to their cytokine suppression ability and to their known antimicrobial activity and potential to modulate T helper cell response. The strong immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection is responsible for the severity of the disease. Preliminary data have also shown that L-arginine, an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, is able to modulate endothelial damage, which appears to be one of the main targets of this systemic disease. Finally, some essential oils and their isolated compounds, such as eucalyptol, may be helpful in reducing many of the respiratory symptoms of COVID-19, although others, such as menthol, are not recommended, since it can lead to an undervaluation of the clinical status of a patient. In this narrative review, despite the lack of strong evidence in this field, we aimed to give an overview of the current available literature (mainly observational and cross-sectional studies) regarding herbal products and dietary supplements and their use in the treatment of mild disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Obviously, dietary supplements and herbal products do not constitute a standardized treatment for COVID-19 disease, but they could represent an adjunctive and useful treatment when used together with antivirals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1736399828000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Herbal and Dietary Supplements as Adjunctive Treatment for Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0383-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Licata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Seidita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, \u201cV. Cervello\u201d Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti \u201cVilla Sofia-Cervello\u201d, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0139-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Como","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"de Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, \u201cV. Cervello\u201d Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti \u201cVilla Sofia-Cervello\u201d, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Cammilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. 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Giaccone\u201d, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Chianetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. 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