{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:25:13Z","timestamp":1788909913424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Adolescent obesity is highly likely to lead to adult obesity and is associated with dietary habits, subjective health, and body image perception. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between BMI, dietary habits, subjective health perception, and body image perception among Korean adolescents using data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 to explore strategies for reducing adolescent obesity rates. Methods: Data from 50,427 participants were analyzed, including BMI, seven lifestyle factors (intake frequencies of water, milk, fruit, soft drinks, vegetables, breakfast, and late-night snacks), and responses to one item each for subjective health perception and body image perception. Results: Higher intake frequencies of breakfast, fruits, soft drinks, and late-night snacks were associated with lower BMI (p &lt; 0.001). However, among high school students, those with lower water and breakfast intake but higher soft drink and late-night snack intake exhibited an increasing trend in BMI. Subjective health perception and body image perception were interrelated, with subjective health perception influencing body image perception (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Addressing nutritional issues within schools, including improving school meals, regulating accessible products, and providing nutritional intake guidelines, is essential. Additionally, developing tailored health education programs to promote healthy body image perceptions is necessary. This study can serve as a foundational resource for analyzing adolescent health and developing strategies to improve health behaviors in changing environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1736746840000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interrelation Between BMI, Dietary Habits, Self-Rated Health, and Body Image Perception Among Korean Adolescents: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2022)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jeongha","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dance, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Lim","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Yeon","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geunkook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Education (2024, May 10). 2023 Student Health Examination Sample Statistics and Announcement of Youth Health Behavior Survey Results, Available online: https:\/\/www.moe.go.kr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Obesity World Obesity Atlas 2023 (2024, May 01). World Obesity Federation. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldobesityday.org\/resources\/entry\/world-obesity-atlas-2023."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12334","article-title":"Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Simmonds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.21032\/jhis.2023.48.3.233","article-title":"Social ecological factors for adolescent obesity: Using the 2021 Korea youth risk behavior survey data","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Inform. Stat."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"45","article-title":"Dietary patterns and obesity in Korean adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"585","article-title":"Factors influencing obesity in adolescents: Analysis of Korea youth risk behavior survey data 2018\u20132021","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Learn. Cent. Curric. Instr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"200","article-title":"The influence of community environmental factors on adolescent obesity","volume":"42","author":"Won","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc. Welf. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305875","article-title":"School closures during COVID-19: Opportunities for innovation in meal service","volume":"110","author":"Kinsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021050112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-050123","article-title":"COVID-19 and changes in child obesity","volume":"147","author":"Jenssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a3","article-title":"Longitudinal trends in BMI before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among persons aged 2\u201319 years\u2014United States, 2018\u20132020","volume":"70","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15036","article-title":"Changes in body mass index among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"326","author":"Woolford","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S7384","article-title":"The economic impact of obesity in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Hammond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0678","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and health-related quality of life among adolescents: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health","volume":"115","author":"Swallen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703860","article-title":"Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood","volume":"377","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01856-w","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: Systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Panchal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., and Frank, P. (2023). Obesity and psychological distress. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 378.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0225"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Vuuren, C.L., Wachter, G.G., Veenstra, R., Rijnhart, J.J.M., van der Wal, M.F., Chinapaw, M.J.M., and Busch, V. (2019). Associations between overweight and mental health problems among adolescents, and the mediating role of victimization. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6832-z"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E.-H., and Jun, M.-K. (2022). Factors affecting body image distortion in adolescents. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121944"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badri\u0107, M., Roca, L., Pelemi\u0161, V., Brankovi\u0107, D., and \u017divanovi\u0107, V. (2024). Indicators of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in Croatian children. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9040250"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104648","article-title":"Association between physical activity, smartphone usage, and obesity risk among Korean adolescents: A cross-sectional study based on 2021 Korean adolescent health behavior survey","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treister-Goltzman, Y., Nemet, D., and Menashe, I. (2024). Associations of adolescent obesity with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovaries in Arabs and Jews in Israel-a nationwide study. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1443756"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fmae040","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmae040","article-title":"Association between eating rate and childhood overweight\/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, Y.J., Kwon, Y.J., Lee, Y., Heo, S.J., and Lee, J.W. (2024). Association of dietary habits with general and abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents: Cluster analysis of nationwide population survey data. Front. Endoricnol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1424761"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.12.1154","article-title":"Accuracy of adolescent self-report of height and weight in assessing overweight status: A literature review","volume":"161","author":"Sherry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). Update: Prevalence of overweight among children, adolescents, and adults\u2014United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 46, 198\u2013202."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H., and Lee, J.-H. (2020). Analysis on the relationship between eating behavior, physical activities and youth obesity: Based on the korea youth risk behavior survey of high school students in 2016\u20132018. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11030169"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2109","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1998\u20132007","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3f.1339","article-title":"Comparisons of body mass index, perception of body weight, body shape satisfaction, and self-esteem among Korean adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gualdi-Russo, E., Rinaldo, N., and Zaccagni, L. (2022). Physical activity and body image perception in adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013190"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.4163\/jnh.2023.56.6.714","article-title":"Dietary habits and nutrient intake status of university students according to obesity risk based on body mass index and percent body fat","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, D., and Vermund, S.H. (2024). Advantages and limitations of the body mass index (BMI) to assess adult obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060757"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 11). The Health of Adolescents and Young Adults in South-East Asia, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 11). Obesity and Overweight, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nour, T.Y., and Altinta\u015f, K.H. (2023). Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on obesity and its risk factors: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15833-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akter, T., Zeba, Z., Hosen, I., Al-Mamun, F., and Mamun, M.A. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BMI: Its changes in relation to socio-demographic and physical activity patterns based on a short period. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266024"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0990","article-title":"The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on university students\u2019 dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour","volume":"46","author":"Bertrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim, H.-R., Yun, H.J., and Lee, J.H. (2021). An investigation on Korean adolescents\u2019 dietary consumption: Focused on sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, and mental health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189773"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Korea Education and Research Information Service (2023). Analysis and Implications Study on Digital Device Use in Elementary and Middle Schools, KERIS. Available online: https:\/\/www.keris.or.kr\/main\/main.do."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Youth Policy Institute (2022). Research on Youth Media Use and Policy Response by Target Group III: Late-Adolescents, NYPI. Available online: https:\/\/nypi.re.kr\/contents\/mainpage.do."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"31","article-title":"Analysis of mobile broadband service penetration in South Korea","volume":"57","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2023). Digital Economy Outlook 2023, OECD. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Statista (2024). Percentage of Population Using the Internet in South Korea from 2000 to 2023, Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055102918755046","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918755046","article-title":"Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use","volume":"5","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghjoo, P., Siri, G., Soleimani, E., Farhangi, M.A., and Alesaeidi, S. (2022). Screen time increases overweight and obesity risk among adolescents: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Prim. Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01761-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2052","article-title":"Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years in the US from 2011 to 2020","volume":"176","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"533","article-title":"Study of relationship among obesity level, eating habit, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude in high school students","volume":"9","author":"Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Multimed. Serv. Converg. Art Humanit. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Tomokawa, S., Gregorio, E.R., Mannava, P., Nagai, M., and Sobel, H. (2020). School-based interventions to promote adolescent health: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries of WHO western Pacific Region. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230046"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1991.10608701","article-title":"Physical education\u2019s role in public health","volume":"62","author":"Sallis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.14367\/kjhep.2014.31.3.39","article-title":"Factors related to self-rated health in adolescents: Findings form the Korea youth panel survey","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Educ. Promot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200005000-00009","article-title":"Gender differences in processing information for making self-assessments of health","volume":"62","author":"Benyamini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.35159\/kjss.2023.08.32.4.43","article-title":"A study on the characteristics of body shape misperception among Korean adolescents: Using the 18th annual youth health behavior survey of 2022","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"MediaSmarts (2024). Media Education and Body Image, Canada\u2019s Centre for Digital Media Literacy."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22141","article-title":"NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls","volume":"46","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara, R.M., Urchaga, J.D., Cabaco, A.S., and Moral-Garc\u00eda, J.E. (2020). The quality of breakfast and healthy diet in school-aged adolescents and their association with BMI, weight loss diets and the practice of physical activity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082294"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 10). Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in the WHO European Region, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2019). The Heavy Burden of Obesity, OECD. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/the-heavy-burden-of-obesity_67450d67-en.html."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115004243","article-title":"The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance","volume":"75","author":"Clayton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053116","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight\/obese, \u201cbreakfast-skipping\u201d, late-adolescent girls","volume":"97","author":"Leidy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calcaterra, V., Cena, H., Magenes, V.C., Vincenti, A., Comola, G., Beretta, A., Di Napoli, I., and Zuccotti, G. (2023). Sugar-sweetened beverages and metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: A narrative review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030702"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.274","article-title":"Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Malik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00501-8","article-title":"Water consumption: Effect on energy expenditure and body weight management","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q.-Y., Khil, J., and Keum, N. (2024). Water intake and adiposity outcomes among overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070963"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.14367\/kjhep.2023.40.3.57","article-title":"Effects of night eating and sleep quality on adolescent obesity","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Educ. Promot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-022-01457-0","article-title":"The impact of meal timing on risk of weight gain and development of obesity: A review of the current evidence and opportunities for dietary intervention","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7492","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7492","article-title":"Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies","volume":"346","author":"Mallard","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.409","article-title":"Drinking water is associated with weight loss in overweight dieting women independent of diet and activity","volume":"16","author":"Stookey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"342","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and adolescent eating and health behaviors: A multifaceted view a population-based sample","volume":"22","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"55","article-title":"Chronic illness and disordered eating: A discussion of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Quick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, J. (2024). Healthy bodies, body image concerns, eating disorders. Improving University Mental Health, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781911623847.006"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.33645\/cnc.2020.12.42.12.193","article-title":"A study on the body image distortion and body dissatisfaction of women in their 20s","volume":"42","author":"Gwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Soc. Cult. Converg."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:54Z","timestamp":1759919214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17020253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17020253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]}}}