{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:20:27Z","timestamp":1780446027993,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, antigen-driven, immune-mediated disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and significant eosinophilic infiltration. Its rising incidence and prevalence over recent decades reflect both increased clinical awareness and the influence of environmental factors such as dietary patterns and allergen exposure. Among food allergens, cow\u2019s milk proteins are the most commonly implicated triggers, contributing to esophageal inflammation through complex immunological pathways involving both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. Dietary elimination of cow\u2019s milk has been shown to induce histologic remission in over 60% of pediatric patients, underscoring its pivotal role in eosinophilic esophagitis management. Despite these promising results, challenges persist, including variability in individual responses, the burden of adherence to restrictive diets, and gaps in understanding the molecular mechanisms driving cow\u2019s milk-induced esophageal inflammation. This review examines the complex relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis and cow\u2019s milk, focusing on its role in disease pathogenesis and management, offering insights into its therapeutic implications. Understanding the interplay between eosinophilic esophagitis and dietary allergens, particularly cow\u2019s milk, may inform the development of targeted interventions and improve clinical outcomes for affected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1736746840000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Cow\u2019s Milk: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Treatment Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Dinardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Artesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, 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Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0029-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Luigi","family":"Valluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Arasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pecora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Cafarotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mazzuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Diseases Research Area, Pediatric Allergology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Miraglia del 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