{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1790206735594,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The metabolism of plasma amino acid (AA) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been extensively investigated, yielding inconclusive results. This study aims to characterize the metabolic alterations in AA profiles among early-diagnosed children with ASD and compare the findings with those from non-ASD children. Methods: We analyzed plasma AA profiles, measured by ion exchange chromatography, from 1242 ASD children (median age = 4 years; 81% male). Additionally, we studied AA profiles from 488 children, matched for age and free of ASD (control group). Principal component and cluster analysis were employed to explore potential associations within the ASD group and to identify subgroups. Results: We observed lower plasma levels of glutamine in children with ASD compared to non-ASD children (p &lt; 0.001). Six essential, two conditionally essential, and four non-essential AA were found to be increased in children with ASD. The clustering analysis revealed two groups, labeled Neurological (NEU) and Nutritional (NUT), which included a majority of ASD children (94% and 78%, respectively). The NEU group exhibited high levels of taurine, aspartate, glutamic acid, and ornithine, while the NUT group showed elevated levels of branched-chain AA. Conclusions: In children with ASD, we identified some heterogeneous AA patterns that may serve as biochemical signatures of neurological impairment in some individuals, while in others they may indicate nutritional dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T11:31:31Z","timestamp":1736767891000},"page":"274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Amino Acid Patterns in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Preliminary Biochemical Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Saielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Biganzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate Information Systems, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephana","family":"Carelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Pisciotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Brustia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital Maggiore della Carit\u00e0, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Verduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Unit, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3417-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Mussap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Foundation Villa Salus, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Molecular Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9571-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, 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