{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:07:14Z","timestamp":1783555634836,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente 5.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 5.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Giuliani S.p.A., Milan, Italy","award":["Ricerca Corrente 5.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 5.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found to be associated with Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) to date, are characterized by an apparent reduced penetrance into the phenotype suggesting a role of other factors in the etiology of AGA. Objective: We conducted a study to investigate the role of specific allelic variants in AGA controlling for nutritional and lifestyle factors. Methods: Individual patterns of SNPs present in the baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11 (rs1160312 and rs6113491) or close to the androgen receptor (AR) gene in chromosome X (rs1041668) were investigated in 212 male subjects. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, smoking, and diet was also collected. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: After controlling for age, diet, BMI, family history of AGA, and smoking, an increased risk of AGA was found for subjects with [A] alleles for both rs1160312 (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.34\u20136.62) and rs6113491 (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.37\u20136.52), and for subjects with the TT genotype for rs1041668 (OR: 4.47; 95% CI: 1.60\u201312.5). Multivariate logistic regression indicates that diet, familiarity, and BMI, but not smoking, remain statistically significant despite the different SNP genotypes. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first indication that the rs1160312, rs6113491, and rs1041668 polymorphisms are independent risk factors for AGA that can be modulated by diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T11:32:29Z","timestamp":1736940749000},"page":"299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genetic Variants and Lifestyle Factors in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients: A Case\u2013Control Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Contribution to Baldness Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ambra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mastroeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Health Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Mannooranparampil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Salus Infirmorum Clinic, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversitary Consortium \u201cNational Institute for Bio-Structures and Bio-Systems\u201d (INBB), 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Marzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Giuliani S.p.A., 20129 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8107-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Giuliani S.p.A., 20129 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM), 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x","article-title":"Patterned Loss of Hair in Man: Types and Incidence","volume":"53","author":"Hamilton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2008.05.010","article-title":"Male Pattern Baldness: Current Treatments, Future Prospects","volume":"13","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00799-7","article-title":"Comorbidities in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1747.2003.12615.x","article-title":"Genetic Basis of Male Pattern Baldness","volume":"121","author":"Nyholt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Male-Pattern Hair Loss: Comprehensive Identification of the Associated Genes as a Basis for Understanding Pathophysiology","volume":"35","author":"Henne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07862-y","article-title":"Dissection of Genetic Variation and Evidence for Pleiotropy in Male Pattern Baldness","volume":"9","author":"Yap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.038","article-title":"Nutrition and Hair","volume":"28","author":"Goldberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"E228","article-title":"An Overview of the Genetic Aspects of Hair Loss and Its Connection with Nutrition","volume":"63","author":"Gokce","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1799-z","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet: Fresh Herbs and Fresh Vegetables Decrease the Risk of Androgenetic Alopecia in Males","volume":"310","author":"Fortes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassino, E., Gasparri, F., and Munaron, L. (2020). Protective Role of Nutritional Plants Containing Flavonoids in Hair Follicle Disruption: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020523"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.255","article-title":"Male-Pattern Baldness Susceptibility Locus at 20p11","volume":"40","author":"Richards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.228","article-title":"Susceptibility Variants for Male-Pattern Baldness on Chromosome 20p11","volume":"40","author":"Hillmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1086\/431425","article-title":"Genetic Variation in the Human Androgen Receptor Gene Is the Major Determinant of Common Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"77","author":"Hillmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13652","article-title":"The Combination of Overweight and Smoking Increases the Severity of Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"56","author":"Fortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197511000-00009","article-title":"Male Pattern Baldness: Classification and Incidence","volume":"68","author":"Norwood","year":"1975","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn132","article-title":"A Protective Effect of the Mediterranean Diet for Cutaneous Melanoma","volume":"37","author":"Fortes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC4601_04","article-title":"The Protective Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Lung Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Fortes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, C.H., Chu, N.F., Chang, C.W., Wang, S.L., Yang, H.C., Chu, C.M., Chang, C.T., Lin, M.H., Chien, W.C., and Su, S.L. (2013). Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Less Dietary Soy, Higher Blood Vanadium and Rs1160312 1 Polymorphism in Taiwanese Communities. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079789"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marci\u0144ska, M., Po\u015bpiech, E., Abidi, S., Andersen, J.D., Van Den Berge, M., Carracedo, \u00c1., Eduardoff, M., Marczakiewicz-Lustig, A., Morling, N., and Sijen, T. (2015). Evaluation of DNA Variants Associated with Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Potential to Predict Male Pattern Baldness. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127852"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagenaars, S.P., Hill, W.D., Harris, S.E., Ritchie, S.J., Davies, G., Liewald, D.C., Gale, C.R., Porteous, D.J., Deary, I.J., and Marioni, R.E. (2017). Genetic Prediction of Male Pattern Baldness. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006594"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"383","article-title":"Association of Eight Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Chromosomes 20 and X with Androgenetic Alopecia among Ethnic Han Chinese from Yunnan","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.220","article-title":"Prediction of Male-Pattern Baldness from Genotypes","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v101.1012","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"102","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.11.1401","article-title":"Association of Androgenetic Alopecia With Smoking and Its Prevalence Among Asian Men: A Community-Based Survey","volume":"143","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13727","article-title":"Implications of Cigarette Smoking on Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"20","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"675","article-title":"Prevalence of Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia and Its Relationship with Lifestyle and Dietary Habits","volume":"156","author":"Agaoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7072.1616","article-title":"Premature Grey Hair and Hair Loss among Smokers: A New Opportunity for Health Education?","volume":"313","author":"Mosley","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2003.05565.x","article-title":"Androgenetic Alopecia in Men Aged 40\u201369 Years: Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"149","author":"Severi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175241","article-title":"Frequency, Severity and Related Factors of Androgenetic Alopecia in dermatology Outpatient Clinic: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study In","volume":"92","author":"Kucukunal","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S231940","article-title":"Androgenetic Alopecia: Relationship to Anthropometric Indices, Blood Pressure and Life-Style Habits","volume":"13","author":"Poorolajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0317-8","article-title":"Baldness and the Androgen Receptor: The AR Polyglycine Repeat Polymorphism Does Not Confer Susceptibility to Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"121","author":"Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.035600","article-title":"Analysis of the Human Tissue-Specific Expression by Genome-Wide Integration of Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Proteomics","volume":"13","author":"Fagerberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.06.026","article-title":"Application of Multi-Omics Techniques to Androgenetic Alopecia: Current Status and Perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rosemary Oil vs Minoxidil 2% for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized Comparative Trial","volume":"13","author":"Panahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14158","article-title":"Reduction of Telogen Rate and Increase of Hair Density in Androgenetic Alopecia by a Cosmetic Product: Results of a Randomized, Prospective, Vehicle-Controlled Double-Blind Study in Men","volume":"21","author":"Welzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101124","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of ALRV5XR in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"40","author":"Feldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1632258","article-title":"Fruits, Vegetables, and Health: A Comprehensive Narrative, Umbrella Review of the Science and Recommendations for Enhanced Public Policy to Improve Intake","volume":"60","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazmi, S., Sepehrinia, M., Pourmontaseri, H., Bazyar, H., Vahid, F., Farjam, M., Dehghan, A., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Homayounfar, R., and Shakouri, N. (2024). Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index and Lower Antioxidant Index Scores. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433962"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H., Xu, T., Zhao, W., Jiang, L., and Shan, S. (2024). Roles of Gut Microbiota in Androgenetic Alopecia: Insights from Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1360445"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:23Z","timestamp":1759919363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17020299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17020299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}