{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:43:08Z","timestamp":1792039388362,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["R00 HD098288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 HD098288"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["R01 MH093677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH093677"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 HD098288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 HD098288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH093677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH093677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: While studies in rat pups suggest that early zinc exposure is critical for optimal brain structure and function, associations of prenatal zinc intake with measures of brain development in infants are unknown. This study aimed to assess the associations of maternal zinc intake during pregnancy with MRI measures of brain tissue microstructure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, as well as to determine whether MRI measures of the brain mediated the relationship between maternal zinc intake and neurodevelopmental indices. Methods: Forty-one adolescent mothers were recruited for a longitudinal study during pregnancy. Maternal zinc intake was assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy using a 24 h dietary recall. Infant MRI scans were acquired at 3 weeks postpartum using a 3.0 Tesla scanner to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Cognitive, language, and motor skills were assessed at 4, 14, and 24 months postpartum using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced FA in cortical gray matter, particularly in the frontal lobe [medial superior frontal gyrus; \u03b2 (95% CI) = \u22121.0 (\u22121.5, \u22120.5)], in developing white matter, and in subcortical gray matter nuclei. Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced MD in cortical gray matter and developing white matter [superior longitudinal fasciculus; \u22124.4 (\u22127.1, \u22121.7)]. Greater maternal zinc intake also was associated with higher cognitive development scores at 14 [0.1 (0.0, 0.1)] and 24 [0.1 (0.0, 0.2)] months of age; MRI indices of FA and MD did not mediate this relationship. Conclusions: Maternal prenatal zinc intake was associated with more favorable measures of brain tissue microstructural maturation and cognitive development during infancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations of Maternal Prenatal Zinc Consumption with Infant Brain Tissue Organization and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige K.","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, The Saban Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3448-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddhant","family":"Sawardekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, The Saban Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, The Saban Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, M. (2020). Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation: Exploring New Evidence: Proceedings of a Workshop, National Academies Press (US).","DOI":"10.17226\/25841"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, P.K., Fields, D.A., Demerath, E.W., Fujiwara, H., and Goran, M.I. (2018). High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060669"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa255","article-title":"Associations of maternal fructose and sugar-sweetened beverage and juice intake during lactation with infant neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months","volume":"112","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, P.K., Monk, C., Bansal, R., Sawardekar, S., Goran, M.I., and Peterson, B.S. (2021). Association of Prenatal Sugar Consumption with Newborn Brain Tissue Organization. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072435"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.005","article-title":"High fat diet-induced maternal obesity alters fetal hippocampal development","volume":"27","author":"Niculescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.248","article-title":"Maternal prenatal iron status and tissue organization in the neonatal brain","volume":"79","author":"Monk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: Health implications for the 21st century","volume":"81","author":"Cordain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"87","article-title":"Is zinc deficiency a public health problem?","volume":"11","author":"Sandstead","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173716","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3716","article-title":"Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days to Support Childhood Development and Adult Health","volume":"141","author":"Schwarzenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26692C","article-title":"Role of zinc in maternal and child mental health","volume":"89","author":"DiGirolamo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.5.782","article-title":"Relation of maternal zinc nutriture to pregnancy outcome and infant development in an Egyptian village","volume":"60","author":"Kirksey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70236-X","article-title":"Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets improves fetal neurobehavioral development","volume":"180","author":"Merialdi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8312-7","article-title":"The effect of severe zinc deficiency and zinc supplement on spatial learning and memory","volume":"130","author":"Naghdi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02617.2002","article-title":"Rapid, experience-dependent changes in levels of synaptic zinc in primary somatosensory cortex of the adult mouse","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201700095","article-title":"Zinc Regulates Chemical-Transmitter Storage in Nanometer Vesicles and Exocytosis Dynamics as Measured by Amperometry","volume":"56","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61242-X","article-title":"Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures","volume":"83","author":"Frederickson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/353220a0","article-title":"Zinc and GABA in developing brain","volume":"353","author":"Cherubini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220500242084","article-title":"A role for zinc in cerebellar synaptic transmission?","volume":"4","author":"Wall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00399-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide causes apparent release of zinc from presynaptic boutons","volume":"115","author":"Frederickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022031825923","article-title":"Myelin basic protein is a zinc-binding protein in brain: Possible role in myelin compaction","volume":"22","author":"Tsang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.11.026","article-title":"Hyperperfusion of Frontal White and Subcortical Gray Matter in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"85","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"180","article-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition","volume":"25","author":"Bayley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00078-5","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes: Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc","volume":"101","author":"Trumbo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.04.016","article-title":"The Automated Self-Administered 24-h dietary recall (ASA24): A resource for researchers, clinicians, and educators from the National Cancer Institute","volume":"112","author":"Subar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01094-7","article-title":"Effect of enteral zinc supplementation on growth and neurodevelopment of preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.115","article-title":"Normal development of brain circuits","volume":"35","author":"Tau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v2.i10.384","article-title":"Arterial spin labeling in neuroimaging","volume":"2","author":"Petcharunpaisan","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.12.004","article-title":"An introduction to diffusion tensor image analysis","volume":"22","author":"Westin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.013","article-title":"The effect of filter size on VBM analyses of DT-MRI data","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N85","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/9\/N02","article-title":"The use of the Levenberg-Marquardt curve-fitting algorithm in pharmacokinetic modelling of DCE-MRI data","volume":"50","author":"Ahearn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1915","article-title":"Age terminology during the perinatal period","volume":"114","author":"Engle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910390506","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction (QUIPSS and QUIPSS II)","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1109\/83.536892","article-title":"Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics","volume":"5","author":"Christensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20178","article-title":"Determining the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of blood at 3.0 Tesla","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0616-6","article-title":"Perfusion MRI of brain tumours: A comparative study of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling and dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging","volume":"52","author":"Jarnum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199611000-00019","article-title":"Reduced transit-time sensitivity in noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral blood flow","volume":"16","author":"Alsop","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Viola, P., and Wells, W.M. (1995, January 20\u201323). Alignment by Maximization of Mutual Information. Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Computer Vision, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S99","article-title":"How and for whom? Mediation and moderation in health psychology","volume":"27","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","article-title":"Mediation analysis","volume":"58","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1637847","article-title":"The effects of zinc supplementation on clinical response and metabolic profiles in pregnant women at risk for intrauterine growth restriction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Mesdaghinia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095366","article-title":"The Relationship between Serum Zinc Level and Preeclampsia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.L., Grieger, J.A., Bianco-Miotto, T., and Roberts, C.T. (2016). Association between Maternal Zinc Status, Dietary Zinc Intake and Pregnancy Complications: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100641"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10427","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125542","article-title":"Zinc in Early Life: A Key Element in the Fetus and Preterm Neonate","volume":"7","author":"Terrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195967","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967","article-title":"Estimation of Total Usual Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.12.1237","article-title":"Radial organization of developing preterm human cerebral cortex revealed by non-invasive water diffusion anisotropy MRI","volume":"12","author":"McKinstry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12506","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3063-07.2007","article-title":"Microstructural changes of the baboon cerebral cortex during gestational development reflected in magnetic resonance imaging diffusion anisotropy","volume":"27","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.037","article-title":"Modeling dendrite density from magnetic resonance diffusion measurements","volume":"34","author":"Jespersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0488-1","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging: The normal evolution of ADC, RA, FA, and eigenvalues studied in multiple anatomical regions of the brain","volume":"51","author":"Lobel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009073107","article-title":"White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain","volume":"107","author":"Hagmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1622","article-title":"Associations of Maternal Prenatal Drug Abuse with Measures of Newborn Brain Structure, Tissue Organization, and Metabolite Concentrations","volume":"174","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.09.004","article-title":"A macroscopic view of microstructure: Using diffusion-weighted images to infer damage, repair, and plasticity of white matter","volume":"276","author":"Concha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giezendanner, S., Fisler, M.S., Soravia, L.M., Andreotti, J., Walther, S., Wiest, R., Dierks, T., and Federspiel, A. (2016). Microstructure and Cerebral Blood Flow within White Matter of the Human Brain: A TBSS Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150657"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90610","article-title":"Oligodendroglia: Metabolic supporters of neurons","volume":"127","author":"Philips","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.10.003","article-title":"Zinc and cortical plasticity","volume":"59","author":"Nakashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90494-M","article-title":"Neurons of origin of zinc-containing pathways and the distribution of zinc-containing boutons in the hippocampal region of the rat","volume":"48","author":"Slomianka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.006","article-title":"Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) and vesicular zinc in central nervous system function","volume":"80","author":"McAllister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.01.010","article-title":"The Function and Regulation of Zinc in the Brain","volume":"457","author":"Krall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-01-00108.1990","article-title":"Effect of zinc on NMDA receptor-mediated channel currents in cortical neurons","volume":"10","author":"Christine","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143941","article-title":"Zinc inhibition of rat NR1\/NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors","volume":"586","author":"Erreger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512296112","article-title":"AMPA receptor inhibition by synaptically released zinc","volume":"112","author":"Kalappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00329.x","article-title":"gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subunit expression predicts functional changes in hippocampal dentate granule cells during postnatal development","volume":"77","author":"Shumate","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1671","article-title":"The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Frederickson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5093-08.2009","article-title":"Synaptically released zinc triggers metabotropic signaling via a zinc-sensing receptor in the hippocampus","volume":"29","author":"Besser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07589.x","article-title":"Zinc enhances long-term potentiation through P2X receptor modulation in the hippocampal CA1 region","volume":"33","author":"Lorca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.164831","article-title":"Calcium\/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II is a Ubiquitous Molecule in Human Long-term Memory Synaptic Plasticity: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Ataei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1039\/C6MT00286B","article-title":"Phosphorylation of zinc channel ZIP7 drives MAPK, PI3K and mTOR growth and proliferation signalling","volume":"9","author":"Nimmanon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015786118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015786118","article-title":"Zn2+ influx activates ERK and Akt signaling pathways","volume":"118","author":"Anson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.5.1013","article-title":"Local control of neurofilament accumulation during radial growth of myelinating axons in vivo. Selective role of site-specific phosphorylation","volume":"151","author":"Sanchez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-11-04008.1998","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases (Erk1,2) phosphorylate Lys-Ser-Pro (KSP) repeats in neurofilament proteins NF-H and NF-M","volume":"18","author":"Veeranna","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, A., Rao, M.V., and Nixon, R.A. (2017). Neurofilaments and Neurofilament Proteins in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018309"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2012.00434.x","article-title":"Neurofilament phosphorylation and their proline-directed kinases in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Holmgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/35004008","article-title":"Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged pauses","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minckley, T.F., Salvagio, L.A., Fudge, D.H., Verhey, K., Markus, S.M., and Qin, Y. (2023). Zn2+ decoration of microtubules arrests axonal transport and displaces tau, doublecortin, and MAP2C. J. Cell Biol., 222.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202208121"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12537","article-title":"Tau directs intracellular trafficking by regulating the forces exerted by kinesin and dynein teams","volume":"19","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115585781","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"36","author":"Cediel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28089","article-title":"Zinc and iron deficiency and their interrelations in low-income African American and Hispanic children in Atlanta","volume":"91","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.4.572","article-title":"Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: Zinc concentration of serum and hair from low-income women of Mexican descent","volume":"37","author":"Hunt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","article-title":"Required sample size to detect the mediated effect","volume":"18","author":"Fritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.054478","article-title":"Zinc supplementation reduces morbidity and mortality in very-low-birth-weight preterm neonates: A hospital-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial in an industrialized country","volume":"98","author":"Terrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00357-3","article-title":"Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: A qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"143","author":"Inder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"CD012797","article-title":"Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates","volume":"3","author":"Staub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:33Z","timestamp":1759919373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17020303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17020303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}}}