{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:07:15Z","timestamp":1790381235833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune pigmentation disorder shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. While conventional therapies\u2014phototherapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants\u2014can be effective, their benefits are often partial and temporary, with recurrence common once treatment stops. As such, there is increasing interest in exploring complementary approaches that may offer a more sustainable impact. Emerging evidence suggests that macronutrient and micronutrient-level changes could be beneficial for managing progression and, in some cases, facilitating repigmentation. Antioxidant-rich foods, such as apples, green tea, Indian gooseberry, onions, and peppers, may help mitigate oxidative stress, while inflammatory foods, such as gluten and high-phenol nuts and berries, may exacerbate the condition. Certain supplements, including high-dose vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, may enhance phototherapy outcomes. Omega-3 and other unsaturated fatty acids, in addition to prebiotics and probiotics, are under active investigation for their roles in gut health and immune regulation. Notably, plant-derived compounds, i.e., Ginkgo biloba, have demonstrated promise in promoting repigmentation and managing disease progression. However, it must be emphasized that these nutritional interventions remain exploratory, and more research is needed to establish their efficacy, safety, and optimal usage before they can be recommended as part of a standard treatment regimen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T09:11:13Z","timestamp":1737364273000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dietary Interventions, Supplements, and Plant-Derived Compounds for Adjunct Vitiligo Management: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine T.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drake","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aria","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Lakshmipathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shari R.","family":"Lipner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15743","article-title":"Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications","volume":"48","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00026-4","article-title":"Estimating the burden of vitiligo: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Akl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.4724","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitiligo Among Adults in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Gandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900027","article-title":"The Role of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Vitiligo","volume":"203","author":"Riding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.04.006","article-title":"Targeting the elevated IFN-\u03b3 in vitiligo patients by human anti- IFN-\u03b3 monoclonal antibody hampers direct cytotoxicity in melanocyte","volume":"110","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100919-023531","article-title":"Vitiligo: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Frisoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30609-7","article-title":"Ruxolitinib cream for treatment of vitiligo: A randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"396","author":"Rosmarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Liu, F., and Gao, L. (2021). Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Vitiligo: A Review. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790125"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.12.008","article-title":"JAK inhibitors for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"113","author":"Inoue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17157","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors and the changing landscape of vitiligo management: A scoping review","volume":"63","author":"Utama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.11.002","article-title":"JAK inhibitors in immune regulation and treatment of vitiligo","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","article-title":"A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00447-y","article-title":"Vitiligo, From Physiopathology to Emerging Treatments: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Migayron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02872-x","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine in vitiligo: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"316","author":"Poondru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"165","article-title":"Perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine among Saudi patients with vitiligo","volume":"29","author":"Elzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e28516","article-title":"Diet and Vitiligo: The Story So Far","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16277","article-title":"Exploring the impact of diet and nutrition on vitiligo: A systematic review of dietary factors and nutritional interventions","volume":"23","author":"Hadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.01.036","article-title":"Analysis of Matched Skin and Gut Microbiome of Patients with Vitiligo Reveals Deep Skin Dysbiosis: Link with Mitochondrial and Immune Changes","volume":"141","author":"Bzioueche","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac045","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory diets on inflammation markers in adult human populations: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"81","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Zhao, L., Wu, B., and Ye, J. (2023). The effect of antioxidant dietary supplements and diet-derived circulating antioxidants on vitiligo outcome: Evidence from genetic association and comprehensive Mendelian randomization. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1280162"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diotallevi, F., Gioacchini, H., De Simoni, E., Marani, A., Candelora, M., Paolinelli, M., Molinelli, E., Offidani, A., and Simonetti, O. (2023). Vitiligo, from Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Advances: State of the Art. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054910"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13677","article-title":"The convergence theory for vitiligo: A reappraisal","volume":"28","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concise review of recent studies in vitiligo","volume":"2013","author":"Allam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qatar Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.05.095","article-title":"A holistic review on the autoimmune disease vitiligo with emphasis on the causal factors","volume":"92","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.063","article-title":"Comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with vitiligo: A cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/120347541201600408","article-title":"Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disease: Retrospective review of 300 patients","volume":"16","author":"Sawicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2013.12053","article-title":"Low-dose oral mini-pulse dexamethasone therapy in progressive unstable vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Kanwar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-019-00845-x","article-title":"Efficacy of the Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus in the Treatment of Vitiligo in Infants Under 2 Years of Age: A Randomized, Open-Label Pilot Study","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Drug. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.09.003","article-title":"Vitiligo: How do oxidative stress-induced autoantigens trigger autoimmunity?","volume":"81","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"12","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the blood of patients with active localized vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Arican","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1402303","article-title":"Levels of oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokines are enhanced in patients with active vitiligo","volume":"51","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.10.010","article-title":"Antioxidant supplements in combination with phototherapy for vitiligo: A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"85","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(01)00134-7","article-title":"Levels of neuropeptide-Y in the plasma and skin tissue fluids of patients with vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Tu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laddha, N.C., Dwivedi, M., Mansuri, M.S., Singh, M., Patel, H.H., Agarwal, N., Shah, A.M., and Begum, R. (2014). Association of neuropeptide Y (NPY), interleukin-1B (IL1B) genetic variants and correlation of IL1B transcript levels with vitiligo susceptibility. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107020"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2006.03.001","article-title":"Vitiligo patients present lower plasma levels of alpha-melanotropin immunoreactivities","volume":"40","author":"Pichler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotb El-Sayed, M.-I., Abd El-Ghany, A.A., and Mohamed, R.R. (2018). Neural and Endocrinal Pathobiochemistry of Vitiligo: Comparative Study for a Hypothesized Mechanism. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00197"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15290","article-title":"Increased risk of psychiatric disorders in adult patients with vitiligo: A nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2361","article-title":"Reduced serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with first onset vitiligo","volume":"10","author":"Yanik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.004","article-title":"The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo","volume":"141","author":"Spritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.43497","article-title":"Current aspects of vitiligo genetics","volume":"31","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3680","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.06.013","article-title":"Family Clustering of Autoimmune Vitiligo Results Principally from Polygenic Inheritance of Common Risk Alleles","volume":"105","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13025","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13025","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic genes and transcription factors in vitiligo","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, X., Chen, G., Dong, W., and Xiao, S. (2018). Genetic polymorphisms of GZMB and vitiligo: A genetic association study based on Chinese Han population. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31233-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, K.-H., Kim, S.K., Seo, J.-K., Shin, M.K., and Lee, M.-H. (2021). Association of GZMB polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-segmental vitiligo in a Korean population. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79705-0"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hla\u010da, N., \u017dagar, T., Ka\u0161telan, M., Brajac, I., and Prpi\u0107-Massari, L. (2022). Current Concepts of Vitiligo Immunopathogenesis. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071639"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.09.008","article-title":"Update on the pathogenesis of vitiligo","volume":"97","author":"Marchioro","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0105dziela, M., Kutwin, M., Karp, P., and Wo\u017aniacka, A. (2024). Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Vitiligo and Their Therapeutic Implications. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164919"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.04.009","article-title":"Vitiligo: Advances in pathophysiology research and treatment development","volume":"30","author":"Mukhatayev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09963-8","article-title":"Innate lymphocyte-induced CXCR3B-mediated melanocyte apoptosis is a potential initiator of T-cell autoreactivity in vitiligo","volume":"10","author":"Tulic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.09.015","article-title":"Vitiligo Skin T Cells Are Prone to Produce Type 1 and Type 2 Cytokines to Induce Melanocyte Dysfunction and Epidermal Inflammatory Response Through Jak Signaling","volume":"142","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Xiang, F., Ding, Y., Hu, W., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Lei, Z., Li, T., Wang, P., and Kang, X. (2024). Identification and validation of RNA-binding protein SLC3A2 regulates melanocyte ferroptosis in vitiligo by integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10147-y"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Xie, Z., Qian, X., Wang, T., Jiang, M., Qin, J., Wang, C., Wu, R., and Song, C. (2021). Identification of a Potentially Functional circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Melanocytes for Investigating Pathogenesis of Vitiligo. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.663091"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.-L., and Ko, C.-H. (2023). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo: An Update on Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060936"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12103","article-title":"Vitiligo: Interplay between oxidative stress and immune system","volume":"22","author":"Laddha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02333-3","article-title":"Catecholamines\u2019 accumulation and their disturbed metabolism at perilesional site: A possible cause of vitiligo progression","volume":"315","author":"Tanwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzikowska, U., Rinaldi, A.O., \u00c7elebi S\u00f6zener, Z., Karaguzel, D., Wojcik, M., Cypryk, K., Akdis, M., Akdis, C.A., and Sokolowska, M. (2019). The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122990"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N.G., Contaifer, D., Madurantakam, P., Carbone, S., Price, E.T., Van Tassell, B., Brophy, D.F., and Wijesinghe, D.S. (2019). Dietary Bioactive Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Function: Implications on Human Health. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122974"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_47_17","article-title":"Role of Fatty Acids Intake in Generalized Vitiligo","volume":"10","author":"Jaffary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17163","article-title":"Dietary habits in adult Japanese patients with vitiligo","volume":"51","author":"Hamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z., Chen, J., Du, P., Ni, Q., Li, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Cui, T., Yi, X., and Li, C. (2022). Metabolomics Signature and Potential Application of Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Metabolism in Patients with Vitiligo. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.839167"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/pigmentinternational.pigmentinternational_39_22","article-title":"Reversal and prevention of deregulated autophagy in cutaneous autoimmune disorders\u2014A pilot study on vitiligo with nutrigenomics based approach of \u201cMaximum Nutrition and Minimum Medication\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pigment. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112132","article-title":"Roles of blood metabolites in mediating the relationship between vitiligo and autoimmune diseases: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3329\/bjsir.v47i2.11449","article-title":"Study of some biochemical parameters of vitiligo patients in Bangladesh","volume":"47","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.022","article-title":"The association between vitiligo and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i34.10430","article-title":"Association between celiac disease and vitiligo: A review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000370303","article-title":"Rapid partial repigmentation of vitiligo in a young female adult with a gluten-free diet","volume":"6","author":"Khandalavala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01388.x","article-title":"Repigmentation of vitiligo lesions in a child with celiac disease after a gluten-free diet","volume":"28","author":"Fagundo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"154","article-title":"Celiac disease in childhood: Evaluation of 140 patients","volume":"41","author":"Ertekin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"200","article-title":"Vitiligo and autoantibodies of celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Shahmoradi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, M., Niu, M., Yang, P., Han, D., Zhang, Y., Li, W., He, Q., Zhao, Y., Mao, B., and Chen, J. (2023). Metagenomic sequencing reveals altered gut microbial compositions and gene functions in patients with non-segmental vitiligo. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03020-7"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, Q., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, W., Ma, C., Li, K., Liu, Y., Liu, L., and Han, Z. (2020). Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Plasma Metabolic Profile in Individuals with Vitiligo. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.592248"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e904","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19012","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiota and gut metabolites in the young-adult vitiligo patients","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi, M.K., Amaresan, N., Kemp, E.H., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2022). Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Vitiligo. Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases. Volume I: Liver, Skin, Thyroid, Rheumatic & Myopathic Diseases, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1946-6"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1159\/000479925","article-title":"Is There a Relation between Vitamin D and Interleukin-17 in Vitiligo? A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"233","author":"Aly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475415610071","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Serum Level of Vitamin D and Vitiligo: A Controlled Study on 300 Subjects","volume":"20","author":"Khurrum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, J., Liu, T., Huan, Y., Li, F., and Wang, R. (2020). Serum level of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with vitiligo, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126570"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14792","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12241","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Upala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24808","article-title":"A pilot study assessing the effect of prolonged administration of high daily doses of vitamin D on the clinical course of vitiligo and psoriasis","volume":"5","author":"Finamor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2016.05.006","article-title":"Vitamin D status and the effects of oral vitamin D treatment in children with vitiligo: A prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Sakarya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2651-3","article-title":"Is vitamin D supplement accompanied with narrow band UVB effective for treatment of vitiligo?","volume":"27","author":"Omidian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"e1423","article-title":"Combination of NB-UVB phototherapy and oral vitamin D supplementation in patients with generalized vitiligo: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anam, K., Ananyan, S., Rishabh, M., Dinesh, A., and Ashwin, K. (2024). Zinc, copper, and selenium levels in vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61982-8"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9156285","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9156285","article-title":"Critical Role of Zinc as Either an Antioxidant or a Prooxidant in Cellular Systems","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., and Bao, B. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc as a Pro-Antioxidant Mediator: Clinical Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060164"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/Pigmentinternational.Pigmentinternational_5_20","article-title":"Does copper has a role in vitiligo? Analysis of tissue and serum copper in vitiligo","volume":"8","author":"Archana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/Pigmentinternational.Pigmentinternational_57_19","article-title":"Evaluation of serum levels of zinc and copper in vitiligo","volume":"8","author":"Narang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Ai, P., Lei, S., Zhou, F., Chen, S., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Selenium levels and skin diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126548"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2017.1357797","article-title":"Selenium, zinc, copper, Cu\/Zn ratio and total antioxidant status in the serum of vitiligo patients treated by narrow-band ultraviolet-B phototherapy","volume":"29","author":"Wacewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog. Treat."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, T., Xiaoying, S., Li, X., Hongjin, L., Yaqiong, Z., and Bo, L. (2020). Selenium Level in Patients with Vitiligo: A Meta-Analysis. Biomed. Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7580939"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.038","article-title":"Unconventional Treatments for Vitiligo: Are They (Un) Satisfactory?","volume":"6","author":"Gianfaldoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414110","article-title":"Phenylalanine and UVA light for the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"277","author":"Cormane","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.2.216","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with oral and topical phenylalanine: 6 years of experience","volume":"135","author":"Camacho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000247142","article-title":"L-phenylalanine and UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"188","author":"Siddiqui","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4103\/pigmentinternational.pigmentinternational_49_21","article-title":"A comparative study of efficacy and safety of topical 10% phenylalanine gel versus 0.1% mometasone furoate cream in limited nonsegmental vitiligo","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pigment. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-021-01843-x","article-title":"Metabolomic signature of amino acids in plasma of patients with non-segmental Vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Marzabani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.02.008","article-title":"Comparative study on some oxidative stress parameters in blood of vitiligo patients before and after combined therapy","volume":"94","author":"Zheleva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02514.x","article-title":"Antioxidants and narrow band-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: A double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Mastrofrancesco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009335769","article-title":"Response of vitiligo to narrowband ultraviolet B and oral antioxidants","volume":"49","author":"Elgoweini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1821780","article-title":"Research Progress on Targeted Antioxidant Therapy and Vitiligo","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994558","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2994558","article-title":"The Current Status of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Vitiligo in China","volume":"2022","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speeckaert, R., Bulat, V., Speeckaert, M.M., and van Geel, N. (2023). The Impact of Antioxidants on Vitiligo and Melasma: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122082"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-023-00672-z","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Potential Antioxidant Therapies in Vitiligo: A Narrative Review","volume":"27","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12172","article-title":"Evaluation of an oral supplement containing Phyllanthus emblica fruit extracts, vitamin E, and carotenoids in vitiligo treatment","volume":"28","author":"Colucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Smadi, K., Leite-Silva, V.R., Filho, N.A., Lopes, P.S., and Mohammed, Y. (2023). Innovative Approaches for Maintaining and Enhancing Skin Health and Managing Skin Diseases through Microbiome-Targeted Strategies. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121698"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-012-0044-x","article-title":"The current trends and future perspectives of prebiotics research: A review","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7535","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S337427","article-title":"Advancements in the Pharmaceutical Applications of Probiotics: Dosage Forms and Formulation Technology","volume":"16","author":"Baral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0040","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health","volume":"5","author":"Tester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System","volume":"74","author":"Cazorla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Peng, C., Sakandar, H.A., Kwok, L.-Y., and Zhang, W. (2021). Meta-Analysis: Randomized Trials of Lactobacillus plantarum on Immune Regulation over the Last Decades. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.643420"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026","article-title":"Role of Bifidobacterium in Modulating the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier: Current Knowledge and Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Abdulqadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rombol\u00e0, L., Scuteri, D., Marilisa, S., Watanabe, C., Morrone, L.A., Bagetta, G., and Corasaniti, M.T. (2020). Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10070106"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000095340.32154.c6","article-title":"Multiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Markowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-005-0114-4","article-title":"Spontaneous bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba: A case report and systematic review of the literature: A case report and systematic review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Bent","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210809100357","article-title":"Herb-drug Interactions in Neuropsychiatric Pharmacotherapy\u2014A Review of Clinically Relevant Findings","volume":"20","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"254","article-title":"Polypodium leucotomos extract: A status report on clinical efficacy and safety","volume":"14","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.044","article-title":"The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: A human clinical study","volume":"77","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090351","article-title":"Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases UV-induced Cox-2 expression and inflammation, enhances DNA repair, and decreases mutagenesis in hairless mice","volume":"175","author":"Zattra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05577.x","article-title":"KUVA (khellin plus ultraviolet A) stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells in vitro","volume":"149","author":"Carlie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03701.x","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with khellin liposomes, ultraviolet light and blister roof transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Assen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunchana, K., Jarisarapurin, W., Chularojmontri, L., and Wattanapitayakul, S.K. (2021). Potential Use of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Fruit Extract to Protect Skin Keratinocytes from Inflammation and Apoptosis after UVB Irradiation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050703"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avinash, P.G., Shams, R., Dash, K.K., Shaikh, A.M., Ungai, D., Hars\u00e1nyi, E., Suthar, T., and Kov\u00e1cs, B. (2024). Recent Insights into the Morphological, Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) for the Development of Functional Foods. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13050574"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60366k","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of the Indian indigenous fruit Emblica officinalis Gaertn: Active constituents and modes of action","volume":"5","author":"Fazal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09809.x","article-title":"UV irradiation affects melanocyte stimulatory activity and protein binding of piperine","volume":"82","author":"Soumyanath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannan, M.A., Rahman, M.A., Sohag, A.A.M., Uddin, M.J., Dash, R., Sikder, M.H., Rahman, M.S., Timalsina, B., Munni, Y.A., and Sarker, P.P. (2021). Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061784"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosbah, A., Khither, H., Mosbah, C., Slimani, A., Mahrouk, A., Akkal, S., and Nieto, G. (2023). Effects of Nigella sativa Oil Fractions on Reactive Oxygen Species and Chemokine Expression in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12112171"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"e8390","article-title":"Severe Thrombocytopenia Associated with Black Seed Oil and Evening Primrose Oil","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"977","article-title":"Molecular targets of pomegranate (Punica granatum) in preventing cancer metastasis","volume":"22","author":"Ahmadiankia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"e45677","article-title":"Pomegranate (Punica granatum L): A Fruitful Fountain of Remedial Potential","volume":"15","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.002824","article-title":"Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome p450 3A (CYP3A) and carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in rats","volume":"33","author":"Hidaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00152D","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of Oolong tea theasinensin","volume":"5","author":"Hisanaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.01.008","article-title":"Update of green tea interactions with cardiovascular drugs and putative mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Werba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.241","article-title":"Green tea ingestion greatly reduces plasma concentrations of nadolol in healthy subjects","volume":"95","author":"Misaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.08.011","article-title":"Green tea polyphenols change the profile of inflammatory cytokine release from lymphocytes of obese and lean rats and protect against oxidative damage","volume":"28","author":"Molina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchio, R., Okuda-Hanafusa, C., Sakaguchi, H., Saji, R., Muroyama, K., Murosaki, S., Yamamoto, Y., and Hirose, Y. (2024). Curcuma longa extract reduces serum inflammatory markers and postprandial hyperglycemia in healthy but borderline participants with overweight and glycemia in the normal\/prediabetes range: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1324196"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00336C","article-title":"Turmeronol A and turmeronol B from Curcuma longa prevent inflammatory mediator production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, partially via reduced NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"10","author":"Uchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathomwichaiwat, T., Jinatongthai, P., Prommasut, N., Ampornwong, K., Rattanavipanon, W., Nathisuwan, S., and Thakkinstian, A. (2023). Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) supplementation on glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: An umbrella review and updated meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288997"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.03.006","article-title":"CYP3A4 inhibition by Psoralea corylifolia and its major components in human recombinant enzyme, differentiated human hepatoma HuH-7 and HepaRG cells","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14527","article-title":"Severe phototoxic reaction to Psoralea corylifolia seeds in a child with vitiligo","volume":"90","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.688","article-title":"Effects of bavachin and its regulation of melanin synthesis in A375 cells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S114328","article-title":"Fabrication of anti-vitiligo ointment containing Psoralea corylifolia: In vitro and in vivo characterization","volume":"10","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.08.004","article-title":"Lemon balm extract (Melissa officinalis, L.) promotes melanogenesis and prevents UVB-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in a skin cell model","volume":"84","author":"Castillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587216663433","article-title":"Melissa officinalis L.: A Review Study with an Antioxidant Prospective","volume":"22","author":"Miraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmau.2015.07.001","article-title":"Understanding the ultrastructural aspects of berberine-induced skin-darkening activity in the toad, Bufo melanostictus, melanophores","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microsc. Ultrastruct."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2013.843193","article-title":"Berberine-induced pigment dispersion in Bufo melanostictus melanophores by stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors","volume":"34","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X14500669","article-title":"Effects of berberine in the gastrointestinal tract\u2014A review of actions and therapeutic implications","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35533","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035533","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"102","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, K.H., Han, D., Liu, W.L., and Li, P. (2016). Combination therapy of orally administered glycyrrhizin and UVB improved active-stage generalized vitiligo. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 49.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20165354"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v2.i1.30","article-title":"Black licorice ingestion: Yet another confounding agent in patients with melena","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12487","article-title":"Concomitant Use of High-dose Methotrexate and Glycyrrhizin Affects Pharmacokinetics of Methotrexate, Resulting in Hepatic Toxicity","volume":"35","author":"Abe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.07.061","article-title":"Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A","volume":"135","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhan, M. (2024). The Promising Role of Polyphenols in Skin Disorders. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040865"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczurko, O., Shear, N., Taddio, A., and Boon, H. (2011). Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: An open label pilot clinical trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-21"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.05.001","article-title":"Polyphenols in the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)02016-0","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba attenuates oxidative stress in macrophages and endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Rong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14393","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract protects human melanocytes from H2O2-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01207.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo","volume":"28","author":"Parsad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)02732-4","article-title":"Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin","volume":"50","author":"Pathak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.02132.x","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Bos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14776","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14776","article-title":"NB-UVB plus oral Polypodium leucotomos extract display higher efficacy than NB-UVB alone in patients with vitiligo","volume":"34","author":"Pacifico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"19","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Oral Polypodium leucotomos Extract in Healthy Adult Subjects","volume":"8","author":"Nestor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2012.01.008","article-title":"Polypodium leucotomos extract in atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"103","author":"Zapater","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0218-x","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Refractory Vitiligo with a Combination of Khellin and 308-nm Excimer Lamp: An Open-Label, 1-Year Prospective Study","volume":"8","author":"Fenniche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70092-4","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with khellin and ultraviolet A","volume":"18","author":"Ortel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02462","article-title":"Khellin and Visnagin, Furanochromones from Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., as Potential Bioherbicides","volume":"64","author":"Travaini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735416659358","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Effects of Phyllanthus emblica L on Benzopyrene-Induced Precancerous Lung Lesion by Regulating the IL-1\u03b2\/miR-101\/Lin28B Signaling Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2662","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models","volume":"11","author":"Bang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6116","article-title":"The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo treatment: A clinical trial study","volume":"32","author":"Shafiee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1740-9","article-title":"Effect of red pepper on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: Preliminary study","volume":"56","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of red pepper and black pepper on the stomach","volume":"82","author":"Myers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"943","article-title":"Beneficial therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and\/or Zingiber officinale in HCV patients in Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Morsy","year":"2013","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4515","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.4515","article-title":"Comparing Nigella sativa Oil and Fish Oil in Treatment of Vitiligo","volume":"16","author":"Ghorbanibirgani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12949","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12949","article-title":"Effectiveness of topical Nigella sativa for vitiligo treatment","volume":"32","author":"Sarac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Hu, X., Chang, L., Liu, S., Lv, L., Qin, G., and Jiang, L. (2024). Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of Nigella sativa supplementation for allergic rhinitis treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1417013"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2022.101666","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral Nigella sativa oil for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Huseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1989","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1989","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa in the management of osteoarthritis: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Mousavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6565","article-title":"Antiinflammatory and anti-cancer activities of pomegranate and its constituent, ellagic acid: Evidence from cellular, animal, and clinical studies","volume":"34","author":"Ghadiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00222-0","article-title":"Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids","volume":"66","author":"Schubert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.02.015","article-title":"Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Phenolics Ameliorate Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BenSaad, L.A., Kim, K.H., Quah, C.C., Kim, W.R., and Shahimi, M. (2017). Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1555-0"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.06.020","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Chemical and biomedical perspectives","volume":"67","author":"Nagle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13612","article-title":"Topical epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the treatment of vitiligo","volume":"62","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S327378","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14814","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of turmeric topical cream in vitiligo: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Jalalmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00704-6","article-title":"Psoralea corylifolia L.: A comprehensive review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control and pharmacokinetics","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.05.068","article-title":"Current knowledge and pharmacological profile of berberine: An update","volume":"761","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takano, K., Hachiya, A., Murase, D., Kawasaki, A., Uda, H., Kasamatsu, S., Sugai, Y., Takahashi, Y., Hase, T., and Ohuchi, A. (2020). The Surprising Effect of Phenformin on Cutaneous Darkening and Characterization of Its Underlying Mechanism by a Forward Chemical Genetics Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041451"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diotallevi, F., Campanati, A., Martina, E., Radi, G., Paolinelli, M., Marani, A., Molinelli, E., Candelora, M., Taus, M., and Galeazzi, T. (2022). The Role of Nutrition in Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory Skin Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030591"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12625","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12625","article-title":"Functional nutrition as integrated approach in vitiligo management","volume":"32","author":"Barygina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.48654","article-title":"Vitiligo and diet: A theoretical molecular approach with practical implications","volume":"75","author":"Namazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.1.98","article-title":"Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema","volume":"133","author":"Heinrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.012","article-title":"The Role of Diet and Supplements in Vitiligo Management","volume":"35","author":"Grimes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20596","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021","volume":"186","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03765.x","article-title":"Vitiligo is more than skin deep: A survey of members of the Vitiligo Society","volume":"35","author":"Talsania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.4745","article-title":"The Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy in Dermatology and Skin Aesthetics: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Cartwright","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drugs. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10229","article-title":"Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Wollina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.02.023","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib: A 32-week open-label extension study with optional narrow-band ultraviolet B","volume":"78","author":"Joshipura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.049","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib","volume":"76","author":"Rothstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1735615","article-title":"Repigmentation in vitiligo using janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors with phototherapy: Systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Phan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog. Treat."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0292","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Shakhbazova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortet, C., and Vale Costa, L. (2022). \u201cListen to Your Immune System When It\u2019s Calling for You\u201d: Monitoring Autoimmune Diseases Using the iShU App. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103834"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:02Z","timestamp":1759919522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17020357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17020357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}