{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:18:46Z","timestamp":1784290726674,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"]}]},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["JP22K11793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K11793"]}]},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["2020B-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B-21"]}]},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["2022A-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-3"]}]},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["22-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K11793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K11793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) Valid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) Valid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K11793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K11793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) Valid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) Valid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD) Valid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","award":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"]}]},{"name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","award":["JP22K11793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K11793"]}]},{"name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","award":["2020B-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B-21"]}]},{"name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","award":["2022A-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-3"]}]},{"name":"Japan Foundation for Pediatric Research","award":["22-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-007"]}]},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment from MEXT, Japan","award":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H24-jisedai-shitei-007"]}]},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment from MEXT, Japan","award":["JP22K11793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K11793"]}]},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment from MEXT, Japan","award":["2020B-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B-21"]}]},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment from MEXT, Japan","award":["2022A-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-3"]}]},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment from MEXT, Japan","award":["22-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The DNA methylation of neonatal cord blood can be used to accurately estimate gestational age. This is known as epigenetic gestational age. The greater the difference between epigenetic and chronological gestational age, the greater the association with an inappropriate perinatal fetal environment and development. Maternal vitamin D deficiency is common in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between maternal serum vitamin D levels and epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth in Japan. Methods: The data were obtained from the hospital-based birth cohort study conducted at the National Center for Child Health and Development in Tokyo, Japan. Maternal blood was collected in the second trimester to measure the serum vitamin D concentration. Cord blood was collected at birth to measure serum vitamin D and to extract DNA. DNA methylation was assessed using an Illumina methylation EPIC array. Epigenetic gestational age was calculated using the \u201cmethylclock\u201d R package. Linear regression analysis was performed to see associations. Results: Maternal serum vitamin D levels in the second trimester were negatively associated with epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth when calculated by Bohlin\u2019s method (regression coefficient [95% CI]: \u22120.022 [\u22120.039, \u22120.005], n = 157), which was still significant after considering infants\u2019 sex (\u22120.022 [\u22120.039, \u22120.005]). Cord blood serum vitamin D levels were not associated with epigenetic age acceleration. Maternal age at delivery and birth height were associated in positive and negative ways with epigenetic gestational age acceleration, respectively (0.048 [0.012, 0.085] and \u22120.075 [\u22120.146, \u22120.003]). Conclusions: Maternal vitamin D deficiency was related to an infant\u2019s epigenetic gestational age acceleration at birth. These findings suggest that the association between fetal development and maternal vitamin D levels may involve the fetal epigenetic regulation of the fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:32:52Z","timestamp":1737376372000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Infants\u2019 Epigenetic Gestational Age Acceleration at Birth in Japan: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Kawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Fetal Development, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Chik","family":"Jwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimono 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisako","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Aoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genome Center, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Kamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naho","family":"Morisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"Cd008873","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Palacios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0312516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312516","article-title":"Vitamin D concentration in maternal serum during pregnancy: Assessment in Hokkaido in adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS)","volume":"19","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae056","article-title":"Vitamin D: Analytical Advances, Clinical Impact, and Ongoing Debates on Health Perspectives","volume":"70","author":"Cavalier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin, D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.788","article-title":"Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age","volume":"85","author":"Camargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0442","article-title":"Cord-Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Respiratory Infection, Wheezing, and Asthma","volume":"127","author":"Camargo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract14010021","article-title":"Are Maternal Vitamin D (25(OH)D) Levels a Predisposing Risk Factor for Neonatal Growth? A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Kokkinari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, C., Blue, N.R., Silver, R.M., Na, M., Grobman, W.A., Steller, J., Parry, S., Scifres, C., and Gernand, A.D. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2024). Maternal vitamin D status, fetal growth patterns, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multisite prospective pregnancy cohort, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.11.018"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14905","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902924RR","article-title":"Prenatal maternal vitamin D deficiency sex-dependently programs adipose tissue metabolism and energy homeostasis in offspring","volume":"34","author":"Seipelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38849-z","article-title":"Embryonic vitamin D deficiency programs hematopoietic stem cells to induce type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0584-6","article-title":"DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life","volume":"16","author":"Marioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100861","article-title":"Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring","volume":"7","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83016-3","article-title":"Identification of epigenetic memory candidates associated with gestational age at birth through analysis of methylome and transcriptional data","volume":"9","author":"Kashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv119","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of DNA methylation associated with birth weight and gestational age","volume":"24","author":"Simpkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1063-4","article-title":"Prediction of gestational age based on genome-wide differentially methylated regions","volume":"17","author":"Bohlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1068-z","article-title":"An epigenetic clock for gestational age at birth based on blood methylation data","volume":"17","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01480-2","article-title":"DNA methylation age at birth and childhood: Performance of epigenetic clocks and characteristics associated with epigenetic age acceleration in the Project Viva cohort","volume":"15","author":"Bozack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0285-3","article-title":"Birth weight-for-gestational age is associated with DNA methylation at birth and in childhood","volume":"16","author":"Agha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820843116","article-title":"The PedBE clock accurately estimates DNA methylation age in pediatric buccal cells","volume":"117","author":"McEwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2239796","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39796","article-title":"Association of Pediatric Buccal Epigenetic Age Acceleration With Adverse Neonatal Brain Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Among Children Born Very Preterm With a Neonatal Infection","volume":"5","author":"Gomaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020001230","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-001230","article-title":"Extremely Low Birth Weight and Accelerated Biological Aging","volume":"147","author":"McGowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1734148","article-title":"Effects of Maternal Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Offspring Epigenetic Clock of Gestational Age at Birth: A Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.14","article-title":"Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire for assessing vitamin intake of Japanese women in early and late pregnancy with and without nausea and vomiting","volume":"5","author":"Jwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/30.1.56","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxy- and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from a single sample by dual-cartridge extraction","volume":"30","author":"Kao","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002539","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002539","article-title":"DNA methylation analysis of cord blood samples in neonates born to gestational diabetes mothers diagnosed before 24 gestational weeks","volume":"10","author":"Kasuga","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690648","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.690648","article-title":"Epigenetic Changes in Neonates Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus May Be Associated with Neonatal Hypoglycaemia","volume":"12","author":"Kasuga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv907","article-title":"ENmix: A novel background correction method for Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa825","article-title":"methylclock: A Bioconductor package to estimate DNA methylation age","volume":"37","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0402-y","article-title":"Epigenetic clocks for gestational age: Statistical and study design considerations","volume":"9","author":"Simpkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.073","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"121","author":"McGrath","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.11.013","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolic loci and vitamin D status in Black and White pregnant women","volume":"220","author":"Baca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13134","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13134","article-title":"Serum vitamin D levels in relation to abdominal obesity: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"22","author":"Hajhashemy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, H., Sakamoto, Y., Honda, Y., Sasaki, T., Igeta, Y., Ogishima, D., Matsuoka, S., Kim, S.G., Ishijima, M., and Miyagawa, K. (2023). Estimation of the vitamin D (VD) status of pregnant Japanese women based on food intake and VD synthesis by solar UV-B radiation using a questionnaire and UV-B observations. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106272"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaskolka Meir, A., Wang, G., Hong, X., Hu, F.B., Wang, X., and Liang, L. (2024). Newborn DNA methylation age differentiates long-term weight trajectories: The Boston Birth Cohort. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03568-9"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"549","article-title":"The epigenetic clock and physical development during childhood and adolescence: Longitudinal analysis from a UK birth cohort","volume":"46","author":"Simpkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.22695","article-title":"Epigenetic Clock at Birth and Childhood Blood Pressure Trajectory: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study","volume":"81","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W.C., Chitale, R., O\u2019Callaghan, K.M., Sudfeld, C.R., and Smith, E.R. (2024). The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Neonatal, and Infant Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev., nuae065.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae065"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.019","article-title":"Associations Between Prenatal Vitamin D and Placental Gene Expression","volume":"154","author":"Parenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.035683","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D predominates over genetic factors in determining neonatal circulating vitamin D concentrations","volume":"96","author":"Novakovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1519","article-title":"Epigenome-wide effects of vitamin D and their impact on the transcriptome of human monocytes involve CTCF","volume":"44","author":"Seuter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01065-x","article-title":"Associations of circulating folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine concentrations in early pregnancy and cord blood with epigenetic gestational age: The Generation R Study","volume":"13","author":"Monasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1050170","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and homocysteine","volume":"173","author":"Gilfix","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2022.2076051","article-title":"Maternal plasma fatty acid patterns in mid-pregnancy and offspring epigenetic gestational age at birth","volume":"17","author":"Monasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2015.1052979","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of anemia: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000999","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anaemia among African Americans in a US cohort","volume":"113","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013040355","article-title":"Suppression of iron-regulatory hepcidin by vitamin D","volume":"25","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"19","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in regulating the iron-hepcidin-ferroportin axis in monocytes","volume":"1","author":"Zughaier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.015","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D(3) reduces circulating hepcidin concentrations: A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braithwaite, V.S., Crozier, S.R., D\u2019Angelo, S., Prentice, A., Cooper, C., Harvey, N.C., and Jones, K.S. (2019). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Hepcidin, Iron Status, and Inflammation in Pregnant Women in the United Kingdom. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010190"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"41","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D but not dietary vitamin D intake is associated with hemoglobin in women of reproductive age in rural northern Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Michalski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, S., Peng, Z., Cheng, H., Zhuang, Y., Chi, P., Alifu, X., Zhou, H., Mo, M., and Yu, Y. (2022). Association of Vitamin D in Different Trimester with Hemoglobin during Pregnancy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122455"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116756","article-title":"Vitamin D status is inversely associated with anemia and serum erythropoietin during pregnancy","volume":"102","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0349-z","article-title":"Associations between maternal risk factors of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and the offspring epigenetic clock of gestational age at birth","volume":"9","author":"Girchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2022.2102846","article-title":"Prenatal and birth associations of epigenetic gestational age acceleration in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort","volume":"17","author":"Daredia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.023861","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and calcium intake interact to affect fetal skeletal growth in utero in pregnant adolescents","volume":"95","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108779","article-title":"Second-trimester maternal serum vitamin D and pregnancy outcome: The Western Australian Raine cohort study","volume":"175","author":"Mosavat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02528-w","article-title":"Shanghai Birth Cohort Study. Associations between maternal vitamin D status during three trimesters and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations in newborns: A prospective Shanghai birth cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, E.C., Hinkle, S.N., Song, Y., Rawal, S., Donnelly, S.R., Zhu, Y., Chen, L., and Zhang, C. (2018). Longitudinal Maternal Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal Anthropometric Measures. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111631"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000315","article-title":"Changes in circulating vitamin D levels with loss of adipose tissue","volume":"19","author":"Gangloff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:28Z","timestamp":1759919548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/2\/368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17020368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17020368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}