{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1787029219419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sunlight exposure plays an important role in human health, impacting processes such as mood, blood pressure regulation, and vitamin D3 production. Solar ultraviolet B radiation initiates vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin, which is subsequently metabolized into its biologically active form. UVB exposure plays a key role in enabling vitamin D3 synthesis, but it can also contribute to skin carcinogenesis, creating a complex interplay between its beneficial and harmful effects. Vitamin D deficiency, affecting over half the global population, is linked to a range of chronic diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular conditions, and autoimmune disorders. Simultaneously, excessive solar UVB exposure increases the risk of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers through mechanisms involving DNA damage and oxidative stress. This review examines the dual role of UVB radiation in health and disease, focusing on the mechanisms of cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis, the epidemiology of skin cancer, and the protective roles of vitamin D3\u2019s photoproducts and its active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Understanding these interconnections is critical for developing strategies that balance adequate sun-induced vitamin D3 production with skin cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1737517217000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Illuminating the Connection: Cutaneous Vitamin D3 Synthesis and Its Role in Skin Cancer Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazl\u0131","family":"U\u00e7ar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Holick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.032","article-title":"Skin \u03b2-endorphin mediates addiction to UV light","volume":"157","author":"Fell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.08.006","article-title":"Bioactive forms of vitamin D selectively stimulate the skin analog of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"437","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.27","article-title":"UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Brennemann, J., and McQuarrie, I. (1946). Brennemann\u2019s Practice of Pediatrics, W.F. Prior."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/143121a0","article-title":"J\u0119drzej Sniadecki (1768\u20131838) on the Cure of Rickets","volume":"143","year":"1939","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"270","article-title":"The geographical distribution and etiology of rickets","volume":"45","author":"Palm","year":"1890","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1137830","article-title":"Heilung von Rachitis durch k\u00fcnstliche H\u00f6hensonne","volume":"45","author":"Huldschinsky","year":"1919","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Huldschinsky, K. (1928). The Ultra-Violet Light Treatment of Rickets, Alpine Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1921.02630270037013","article-title":"The cure of infantile rickets by sunlight","volume":"77","author":"Hess","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"408","article-title":"The reduction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultraviolet light","volume":"61","author":"Steenbock","year":"1924","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85064-5","article-title":"Antirachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and to green vegetables by ultra-violet irradiation","volume":"62","author":"Hess","year":"1924","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A221","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab048.449","article-title":"Severe Osteomalacia and Fractures Secondary to Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"5","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"191","article-title":"The relation of solar radiation to cancer mortality in North American","volume":"1","author":"Apperly","year":"1941","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.3.227","article-title":"Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?","volume":"9","author":"Garland","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(90)90058-R","article-title":"Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: A hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation","volume":"19","author":"Garland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91789-3","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: Eight-year prospective study","volume":"334","author":"Garland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: Pooled analysis","volume":"103","author":"Garland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.6.1133","article-title":"Sunlight, vitamin D, and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women","volume":"23","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negri, M., Gentile, A., de Angelis, C., Mont\u00f2, T., Patalano, R., Colao, A., Pivonello, R., and Pivonello, C. (2020). Vitamin D-Induced Molecular Mechanisms to Potentiate Cancer Therapy and to Reverse Drug-Resistance in Cancer Cells. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061798"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1061-5","article-title":"The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide","volume":"51","author":"Mohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Munger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007030","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.12.016","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Season of birth and schizophrenia risk","volume":"252","author":"Coury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2813","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"27","author":"Scragg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Atkins, A., Downes, M., and Wei, Z. (2023). Vitamin D in Diabetes: Uncovering the Sunshine Hormone\u2019s Role in Glucose Metabolism and Beyond. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081997"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","article-title":"D2d Research Group. Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Pittas","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165886","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease: Results from NHANES 2001 to 2004","volume":"28","author":"Melamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9417-0","article-title":"Vitamin-D concentrations, cardiovascular risk and events\u2014A review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"18","author":"Pilz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudenkov, D.V., Mara, K.C., Maxson, J.A., and Thacher, T.D. (2021). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A population-based retrospective cohort study. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 213.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105953"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017010003","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Function in CKD","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab124","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab124","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Mortality","volume":"5","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.10.011","article-title":"Revisiting Vitamin D Guidelines: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature","volume":"30","author":"Holick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"De Groot, L.J., Chrousos, G., Dungan, K., Feingold, K.R., Grossman, A., Hershman, J.M., Koch, C., Korbonits, M., McLachlan, R., and New, M. (2000). Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, and Mechanisms of Action. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00593-z","article-title":"The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: Evidence from human studies","volume":"18","author":"Bouillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066452","article-title":"Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42811","article-title":"Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"76","author":"Costenbader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1765","article-title":"Intratrial Exposure to Vitamin D and New-Onset Diabetes Among Adults with Prediabetes: A Secondary Analysis from the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study","volume":"43","author":"Staten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-3018","article-title":"Vitamin D and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in People with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data from 3 Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"176","author":"Pittas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0160","article-title":"Global Burden of Cutaneous Melanoma in 2020 and Projections to 2040","volume":"158","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12246.x","article-title":"The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime of sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi and skin cancer","volume":"120","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01804988","article-title":"Sun exposure and non-melanocytic skin cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kricker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00198-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer","volume":"63","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer","volume":"49","author":"Narayanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77574-6_13","article-title":"UV damage and DNA repair in malignant melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer","volume":"624","author":"Rass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12329","article-title":"Mechanisms and prevention of UV-induced melanoma","volume":"34","author":"Sample","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.12.027","article-title":"Sunlight: Time for a Rethink?","volume":"144","author":"Weller","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Biological Effects of Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Visible Light, Infrared Radiation and Vitamin D for Health","volume":"36","author":"Holick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.23321","article-title":"Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans","volume":"5","author":"Keegan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00047a016","article-title":"Vitamin D contents in edible mushrooms","volume":"42","author":"Mattila","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3124","article-title":"Evolutionary importance for the membrane enhancement of the production of vitamin D3 in the skin of poikilothermic animals","volume":"92","author":"Holick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Fieser, L.D., and Fieser, M. (1959). Vitamin D. Anonymous Steroids, Reinhold."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/recl.19770960406","article-title":"The photochemistry of previtamin D and tachysterol","volume":"96","author":"Jacobs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas. Belg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.7.4174","article-title":"A liposomal model that mimics the cutaneous production of vitamin D3","volume":"274","author":"Tian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6251551","article-title":"Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences","volume":"210","author":"Holick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116492","article-title":"Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis","volume":"91","author":"Haddad","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovannucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Chapter 3\u2014Photobiology of Vitamin D. Feldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.23938","article-title":"Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin","volume":"5","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9823","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14193","article-title":"Noncalcemic 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits human melanoma growth in in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"8","author":"Skobowiat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965376","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.965376","article-title":"Prevalence, trend, and predictor analyses of vitamin D deficiency in the US population, 2001\u20132018","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-6-1165","article-title":"Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373","article-title":"Influence of Season and Latitude on the Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D3: Exposure to Winter Sunlight in Boston and Edmonton Will Not Promote Vitamin D3 Synthesis in Human Skin","volume":"67","author":"Webb","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V28","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s211","article-title":"Vitamin D and Skin Physiology: A D-Lightful Story","volume":"22","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91124-0","article-title":"Age, vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet","volume":"334","author":"Holick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holick, M.F. (2023). The One-Hundred-Year Anniversary of the Discovery of the Sunshine Vitamin D3: Historical, Personal Experience and Evidence-Based Perspectives. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030593"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"dgae373","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"5","author":"Holick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Erratum in J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2019). Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030676"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.016","article-title":"Nuclear receptors: Decoding metabolic disease","volume":"582","author":"Sonoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0046","article-title":"The nuclear receptor superfamily: A rosetta stone for physiology","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6695","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of monocyte and macrophage function","volume":"25","author":"Hoeksema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.004","article-title":"Fundamentals of vitamin D hormone-regulated gene expression","volume":"144","author":"Pike","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hii, C.S., and Ferrante, A. (2016). The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin, D. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030135"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904293401707","article-title":"The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation","volume":"340","author":"Gilchrest","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV radiation and the skin","volume":"14","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, W., Rokohl, A.C., Guo, Y., Chen, H., Gao, T., Kakkassery, V., and Heindl, L.M. (2023). Narrative review: Mechanism of ultraviolet radiation-induced basal cell carcinoma. Front. Oral Maxillofac. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-21-31"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10124","article-title":"A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Brash","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/218652a0","article-title":"Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum","volume":"218","author":"Cleaver","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2001.017002047.x","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum-bridging a gap between clinic and laboratory","volume":"17","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(99)00025-3","article-title":"The molecular pathways of ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis","volume":"428","author":"Sarasin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Vechtomova, Y. (2024, March 09). UV Radiation in DNA Damage and Repair. Encyclopedia. Available online: https:\/\/encyclopedia.pub\/entry\/17565."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.028","article-title":"Putting p53 in Context","volume":"170","author":"Kastenhuber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.12.006","article-title":"p53 and the pathogenesis of skin cancer","volume":"224","author":"Benjamin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.274","article-title":"Early p53 alterations in mouse skin carcinogenesis by UVB radiation: Immunohistochemical detection of mutant p53 protein in clusters of preneoplastic epidermal cells","volume":"93","author":"Berg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"d1024","article-title":"UV damage, DNA repair and skin carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Cleaver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12597","article-title":"DNA repair enzymes in sunscreens and their impact on photoageing\u2014A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Luze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies","volume":"36","author":"Seebode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108535","article-title":"Current insights and future perspectives of ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure: Friends and foes to the skin and beyond the skin","volume":"185","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14033","article-title":"The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging\u2014Review of in vitro studies","volume":"20","author":"Socha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00632-5","article-title":"Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2024.00225","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D on ultraviolet-induced photoaging and skin diseases","volume":"5","author":"Ambagaspitiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2016.05.005","article-title":"Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Its Impact on Skin Cancer Risk","volume":"32","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.04.035","article-title":"Association between cutaneous melanoma incidence rates among white U.S. residents and county-level estimates of solar ultraviolet exposure","volume":"65","author":"Richards","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2006.08.002","article-title":"The objective assessment of lifetime cumulative ultraviolet exposure for determining melanoma risk","volume":"85","author":"Tatalovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2520","article-title":"Incidence of childhood and adolescent melanoma in the United States: 1973\u20132009","volume":"131","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Gao, X., and Zhang, L. (Chin. Med. J., 2024). Recent global patterns in skin cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence, Chin. Med. J., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003416"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.07.023","article-title":"Developmental pathways activated in melanocytes and melanoma","volume":"563","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"5670","article-title":"Characteristics of cultured human melanocytes isolated from different stages of tumor progression","volume":"45","author":"Herlyn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.025","article-title":"Roads to melanoma: Key pathways and emerging players in melanoma progression and oncogenic signaling","volume":"1863","author":"Paluncic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahradyan, A., Howell, A.C., Wolfswinkel, E.M., Tsuha, M., Sheth, P., and Wong, A.K. (2017). Updates on the Management of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC). Healthcare, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040082"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Boffetta, P., and Hainaut, P. (2019). Squamous Cell and Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: Diagnosis and Treatment. Encyclopedia of Cancer. 3, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunologic Characteristics of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: Implications for Immunotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didona, D., Paolino, G., Bottoni, U., and Cantisani, C. (2018). Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010006"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dika, E., Scarf\u00ec, F., Ferracin, M., Broseghini, E., Marcelli, E., Bortolani, B., Campione, E., Riefolo, M., Ricci, C., and Lambertini, M. (2020). Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155572"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.059","article-title":"Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and staging","volume":"78","author":"Que","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.04.020","article-title":"Incidence, Mortality, and Trends of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Germany","volume":"137","author":"Leiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"The Skin Cancer Foundation (2024, October 25). Skin Cancer Information. Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.skincancer.org\/skin-cancer-information\/skin-cancer-facts\/."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.10.016","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure","volume":"41","author":"Gandini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2014.08.005","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer: Regulation of DNA damage repair and inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1990.10118743","article-title":"Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the U.S. Navy","volume":"45","author":"Garland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Heal. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12496","article-title":"Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death: A competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort","volume":"280","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014UVB Irradiation Is Superior to Oral Supplementation","volume":"36","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07608.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3) for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1995.tb01020.x","article-title":"Calcipotriol: A new drug for topical psoriasis treatment","volume":"77","author":"Kragballe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.17534","article-title":"Vitamin D analogs in the treatment of psoriasis: Where are we standing and where will we be going?","volume":"3","author":"Reichrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92157-W","article-title":"Double-blind right\/left comparison of calcipotriol and betametasone valerate in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"337","author":"Kragballe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02975.x","article-title":"Topical maxacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, dosefinding study with active comparator","volume":"141","author":"Barker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"463","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of high-concentration (20 microg\/g) tacalcitol ointment in psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"12","author":"Miyachi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04567.x","article-title":"Longterm efficacy and safety of tacalcitol ointment in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"146","author":"Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"553","article-title":"High-concentration (20 \u03bcg\/g) tacalcitol ointment therapy on refractory psoriasis vulgaris with low response to topical corticosteroids","volume":"12","author":"Katayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70302-V","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol and other vitamin D analogues","volume":"27","author":"Kragballe","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(00)00077-2","article-title":"An evaluation of the biologic activity vitamin D receptor binding affinity of the photoisomers of vitamin, D.3.; previtamin D3","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.082","article-title":"Photoprotection by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and analogs: Further studies on mechanisms and implications for UV-damage","volume":"121","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0165","article-title":"1\u03b1,25(OH)2-vitamin D and a nongenomic vitamin D analogue inhibit ultraviolet radiation\u2013induced skin carcinogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001119107","article-title":"UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production","volume":"107","author":"Becklund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.4.9705","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) protects human keratinocytes against UV-B-induced damage: In vitro analysis of cell viability\/proliferation, DNA-damage and -repair","volume":"1","author":"Seifert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.8810","article-title":"Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured cells and in mice","volume":"84","author":"Karasawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00342.x","article-title":"Novel function of metallothionein in photoprotection: Metallothionein-null mouse exhibits reduced tolerance against ultraviolet B injury in the skin","volume":"111","author":"Hanada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8573","article-title":"Ultraviolet B suppresses vitamin D receptor gene expression in keratinocytes","volume":"246","author":"Courtois","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10540","article-title":"Segaert1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis, Jun kinase activation, and interleukin-6 production in primary human keratinocytes","volume":"89","author":"Garmyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-004-0451-x","article-title":"SegaertTwo 14-epi-analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protect human keratinocytes against the effects of UVB","volume":"295","author":"Garmyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"2743","article-title":"Cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D: An evolutionary highly conserved endocrine system that protects against environmental hazards including UV-radiation and microbial infections","volume":"26","author":"Sticherling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.072","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and three low-calcemic analogs decrease UV-induced DNA damage via the rapid response pathway","volume":"89\u201390","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2004.09.010","article-title":"Segaert, S 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogues protect primary human keratinocytes against UVB-induced DNA damage","volume":"78","author":"Garmyn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01527.x","article-title":"Role of vitamin D metabolism in cutaneous tumour formation and progression","volume":"65","author":"Nemazannikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801300006353","article-title":"1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 induces elevated expression of the cell cycle-regulating genes P21 and P27 in squamous carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck","volume":"121","author":"Hager","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.007","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on human keratinocytes: In vitro analysis of cell viability\/proliferation, DNA-damage and -repair","volume":"121","author":"Seifert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"4162","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and melanoma (Review)","volume":"17","author":"Vasilovici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.16519","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and skin cancer: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Denzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1464-8","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes and skin cancer risk in European population: A meta-analysis","volume":"306","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13988","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Melanoma Risk: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Birke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2328886","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28886","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplements on relapse or death in a p53-immunoreactive subgroup with digestive tract cancer: Post hoc analysis of the AMATERASU randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Kanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2328883","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28883","article-title":"The Death D-Fying Vitamin D3 for Digestive Tract Cancers-The p53 Antibody Connection","volume":"6","author":"Holick","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjz010","article-title":"Understanding p53 functions through p53 antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.11.025","article-title":"Modulation of the vitamin D3 response by cancer-associated mutant p53","volume":"17","author":"Stambolsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1634","article-title":"Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2013.07.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancers","volume":"42","author":"Wassermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.64.1357","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Levels with Outcome in Patients with Melanoma After Adjustment For C-Reactive Protein","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12193","article-title":"An inherited variant in the gene coding for vitamin D-binding protein and survival from cutaneous melanoma: A BioGenoMEL study","volume":"27","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000638","article-title":"Decreased vitamin D serum levels at melanoma diagnosis are associated with tumor ulceration and high tumor mitotic rate","volume":"29","author":"Zegeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2021.11.001","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Vitamin D Serum Levels in Cutaneous Melanoma","volume":"113","author":"Moro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.17390","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma: Vitamin D Status as a Risk and Prognostic Factor\u2014Meta-analyses and Systematic Review","volume":"45","author":"Haddad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2622","article-title":"Skin immune sentinels in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Nestle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoenngam, N., and Holick, M.F. (2020). Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095293","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5095293","article-title":"Skin immune landscape: Inside and outside the organism","volume":"2017","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00034-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-18","article-title":"Organization of the skin immune system and compartmentalized immune responses in infectious diseases","volume":"32","author":"Quaresma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12703\/P7-09","article-title":"The role of mast cells in cancers","volume":"7","author":"Maciel","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdaca, G., Allegra, A., Tonacci, A., Musolino, C., Ricciardi, L., and Gangemi, S. (2022). Mast Cells and Vitamin D Status: A Clinical and Biological Link in the Onset of Allergy and Bone Diseases. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081877"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1433","article-title":"DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to \u2018program\u2019 T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27","volume":"8","author":"Sigmundsdottir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0051","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is a requisite for modulation of skin-homing markers on regulatory T cells in HIV-infected patients","volume":"29","author":"Khoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"72","article-title":"The vitamin D3 analog calcipotriol suppresses the number and antigen-presenting function of Langerhans cells in normal human skin","volume":"1","author":"Dam","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2405","article-title":"1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation","volume":"164","author":"Penna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12062","article-title":"CD40 ligand and interferon-g induce an antimicrobial response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocytes","volume":"139","author":"Stenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"3707","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 induces macrophage polarization to M2 by upregulating T-cell Ig-mucin-3 expression","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2217\/mmt.14.31","article-title":"Skin cancer and vitamin D: An update","volume":"2","author":"Wyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Melanoma Manag."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"(2024, December 30). The British Association of Dermatologists. Available online: https:\/\/www.bad.org.uk\/bad-response-to-weighing-the-benefits-and-risks-of-sunlight-exposure-by-nice\/."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"(2024, December 30). Cancer Council Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org.au\/cancer-information\/causes-and-prevention\/sun-safety\/vitamin-d."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"(2024, December 30). The World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/radiation-protecting-against-skin-cancer."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:20Z","timestamp":1759919600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17030386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17030386","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}