{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:34:10Z","timestamp":1780446850892,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican Institute of Social Security","award":["2023-3-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-3-300"]}]},{"name":"University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UdeG)","award":["2023-3-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-3-300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chrononutrition, the study of the interaction between biological rhythms and nutrition, has emerged as a promising field for addressing metabolic health. However, its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains underexplored. CKD patients often experience circadian disruptions due to renal, metabolic, treatment-related, and lifestyle factors, which may influence their nutritional status and clinical outcomes. Objective: to synthesize and analyze the existing evidence on chrononutrition in CKD patients, identify knowledge gaps, and propose directions for future research across different stages of CKD. Initially, this review contextualizes circadian physiology, alignment, and chronodisruption to explore such factors in CKD patients, focusing on chrononutrition variables already studied in the general population. We discuss how dietary timing and habit adjustments could influence CKD clinical outcomes, offering insights into circadian impacts on disease management. This new approach could optimize patient care, encouraging further research, particularly in the development of personalized strategies for different stages of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:50:53Z","timestamp":1737525053000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chrononutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar C.","family":"Castro-Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit of Renal Diseases, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Guadalajara 44320, Mexico"},{"name":"PhD Program in Translational Nutrition Sciences, Department of Human Reproduction, Child Growth and Development, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso M.","family":"Cueto-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit of Renal Diseases, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Guadalajara 44320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Vizmanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Translational Nutrition Sciences, Department of Human Reproduction, Child Growth and Development, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8891-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ailema","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Betancourt-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Translational Nutrition Sciences, Department of Human Reproduction, Child Growth and Development, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Mart\u00edn-del-Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit of Renal Diseases, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Guadalajara 44320, Mexico"},{"name":"PhD Program in Translational Nutrition Sciences, Department of Human Reproduction, Child Growth and Development, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postolache, T.T., and Raheja, U.K. (2016). Body rhythms\/biological clocks. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397045-9.00122-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlman, S.J., Craig, L.M., and Duffy, J.F. (2018). Introduction to chronobiology. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033613"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-062122-014528","article-title":"Eating around the clock: Circadian rhythms of eating and metabolism","volume":"44","author":"McHill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickel, L., and Sung, H.-K. (2020). Feeding rhythms and the circadian regulation of metabolism. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00039"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Azmi, N.A.S., Juliana, N., Mohd Fahmi Teng, N.I., Azmani, S., Das, S., and Effendy, N. (2020). Consequences of circadian disruption in shift workers on chrononutrition and their psychosocial well-being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062043"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.05.005","article-title":"Chronobiological aspects of nutrition, metabolic syndrome and obesity","volume":"62","author":"Garaulet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-009-0074-z","article-title":"Chronobiology: Influences on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk","volume":"4","author":"Garaulet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naber, T., and Purohit, S. (2021). Chronic kidney disease: Role of diet for a reduction in the severity of the disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0233.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.88","article-title":"Circadian sleep\u2013wake rhythm disturbances in end-stage renal disease","volume":"5","author":"Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060515608296","article-title":"Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality of life in maintenance haemodialysis patients","volume":"44","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2021.02.003","article-title":"Dietary factors and sleep quality among hemodialysis patients in Malaysia","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.02.003","article-title":"The discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the circadian rhythm: The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2021","article-title":"Circadian clocks of the kidney: Function, mechanism, and regulation","volume":"102","author":"Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00899-y","article-title":"Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Fagiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.01.006","article-title":"Molecular cogs: Interplay between circadian clock and cell cycle","volume":"28","author":"Gaucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R75","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0200","article-title":"Circadian regulation of metabolism","volume":"222","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montaruli, A., Castelli, L., Mul\u00e8, A., Scurati, R., Esposito, F., Galasso, L., and Roveda, E. (2021). Biological rhythm and chronotype: New perspectives in health. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040487"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzago, M., Alessandrelli, E., Notarangelo, S., Stuppia, L., and Vitacolonna, E. (2023). Chrono-nutrition: Circadian rhythm and personalized nutrition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032571"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carriazo, S., Ramos, A.M., Sanz, A.B., Sanchez-Ni\u00f1o, M.D., Kanbay, M., and Ortiz, A. (2020). Chronodisruption: A poorly recognized feature of CKD. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030151"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195027","article-title":"Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics","volume":"330","author":"Bass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.015","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the gut microbiome synchronize the host\u2019s metabolic response to diet","volume":"33","author":"Lashinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.127234.1","article-title":"Different levels of circadian (de)synchrony\u2014Where does it hurt?","volume":"11","author":"Galinde","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519807112","article-title":"Shifting eating to the circadian rest phase misaligns the peripheral clocks with the master SCN clock and leads to a metabolic syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Mukherji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-015-0041-4","article-title":"Shift work and its association with metabolic disorders","volume":"7","author":"Brum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, A.S., Akanbi, M., O\u2019Dwyer, L.C., and McHugh, M. (2020). Shift work and long work hours and their association with chronic health conditions: A systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231037"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.719971","article-title":"Circadian typology: A comprehensive review","volume":"29","author":"Adan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy070","article-title":"Chronotype: Implications for epidemiologic studies on chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health","volume":"10","author":"Almoosawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4","article-title":"Chrononutrition patterns and their association with body weight: Differences across multiple chronotypes","volume":"72","author":"Serenini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R337","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00322.2014","article-title":"Impact of nutrients on circadian rhythmicity","volume":"308","author":"Oosterman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.057","article-title":"Circadian biology: Uncoupling human body clocks by food timing","volume":"27","author":"Vetter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F438","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00247.2023","article-title":"Current perspective on circadian function of the kidney","volume":"326","author":"Benjamin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft319","article-title":"Molecular bases of circadian rhythmicity in renal physiology and pathology","volume":"28","author":"Bonny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0048-9","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the kidney","volume":"14","author":"Firsov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p11","DOI":"10.1159\/000129653","article-title":"Aging, circadian weight change, and nocturia","volume":"109","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000444095","article-title":"Circadian blood pressure rhythm is changed by improvement in hypoalbuminemia and massive proteinuria in patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Ando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1675","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00829.2007","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disorganization produces profound cardiovascular and renal disease in hamsters","volume":"294","author":"Martino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011070645","article-title":"EGFR signaling promotes TGF\u03b2-dependent renal fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.031","article-title":"Circadian blood pressure patterns and blood pressure control in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"267","author":"Fegatelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.361","article-title":"Dysregulation of melatonin metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency: Role of erythropoietin-deficiency anemia","volume":"50","author":"Vaziri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70015-6","article-title":"A preliminary study of the effects of correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on sleep, sleep disorders, and daytime sleepiness in hemodialysis patients (The SLEEPO study)","volume":"34","author":"Benz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V491711","article-title":"The effects of the dialysis membrane on cytokine release","volume":"4","author":"Zaoui","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200011000-00006","article-title":"Hemodialysis disrupts basic sleep regulatory mechanisms: Building hypotheses","volume":"49","author":"Parker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2024.2306838","article-title":"Hemodialysis-induced chronodisruption and chronotype distribution in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"41","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfab101.0027","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab101.0027","article-title":"MO705 sleep disturbances in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"36","author":"Rihem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Kalra, D., Rashid, I., Mehta, S., Maity, M.K., Wazir, K., Gupta, S., Ansari, S.A., Alruqi, O.S., and Khan, R. (2023). Assessment of health-related quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101788"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-01998-5","article-title":"Global prevalence of depression in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Adejumo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1087","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00301.2019","article-title":"The renal molecular clock: Broken by aging and restored by exercise","volume":"317","author":"Schmitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12498","article-title":"Chrono-nutrition\u2014An emerging, modifiable risk factor for chronic disease?","volume":"46","author":"Pot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy131","article-title":"Timing of food intake: Identifying contributing factors to design effective interventions","volume":"10","author":"Dashti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15246","article-title":"Chrono-nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns","volume":"157","author":"Flanagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.059","article-title":"Meal timing regulates the human circadian system","volume":"27","author":"Wehrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zer\u00f3n-Rugerio, M., Hern\u00e1ez, \u00c1., Porras-Loaiza, A., Cambras, T., and Izquierdo-Pulido, M. (2019). Eating jet lag: A marker of the variability in meal timing and its association with body mass index. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122980"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chawla, S., Beretoulis, S., Deere, A., and Radenkovic, D. (2021). The window matters: A systematic review of time-restricted eating strategies in relation to cortisol and melatonin secretion. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082525"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.007","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of chrononutrition behaviors among nationally representative adults: Insights from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data","volume":"42","author":"Farsijani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adafer, R., Messaadi, W., Meddahi, M., Patey, A., Haderbache, A., Bayen, S., and Messaadi, N. (2020). Food timing, circadian rhythm, and chrononutrition: A systematic review of time-restricted eating\u2019s effects on human health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123770"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.37.4.3661","article-title":"The effect of fasting during Ramadan on the kidney functions of stage III-IV chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"37","author":"Karatas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.05.022","article-title":"Fasting outcomes in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease in East London during Ramadan 2018: The East London Diabetes in Ramadan survey","volume":"152","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_521_20","article-title":"Impact of fasting during Ramadan on renal functions in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.1.17566","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: A prospective observational study","volume":"38","author":"Bakhit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.198140","article-title":"Fasting in Ramadan is not associated with deterioration of chronic kidney disease: A prospective observational study","volume":"28","author":"Kara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.06.003","article-title":"Investigating physical and nutritional changes during prolonged intermittent fasting in hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Adanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao, B., Luo, J., Xu, X., Fu, L., Tang, F., Ouyang, W., Xu, X., Wei, M., Xiao, B., and Chen, L. (2023). Time-restricted feeding\u2019s effect on overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3\u20134: A prospective non-randomized control pilot study. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1096093"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59427-3.00020-4","article-title":"Nutrition and the circadian timing system","volume":"Volume 199","author":"Stenvers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.229","article-title":"Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness","volume":"37","author":"Garaulet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01190-y","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating windows on human metabolic health: Pooled analysis of existing cohorts","volume":"15","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokumaru, T., Toyama, T., Hara, A., Kitagawa, K., Yamamura, Y., Nakagawa, S., Oshima, M., Miyagawa, T., Sato, K., and Ogura, H. (2020). Association between unhealthy dietary habits and proteinuria onset in a Japanese general population: A retrospective cohort study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-33533\/v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.560563","article-title":"Dietary intake is associated with human chronotype as assessed by both morningness\u2013eveningness score and preferred midpoint of sleep in young Japanese women","volume":"62","author":"Shibata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.015","article-title":"Sleep deprivation is associated with lower diet quality indices and higher rate of general and central obesity among young female students in Iran","volume":"28","author":"Haghighatdoost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.157","article-title":"Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.005","article-title":"Late meal intake is associated with abdominal obesity and metabolic disorders related to metabolic syndrome: A chrononutrition approach using data from NHANES 2015\u20132018","volume":"42","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00939-z","article-title":"A late eating midpoint is associated with increased risk of diabetic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2013\u20132020","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(03)00069-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary intake, appetite, and eating habits on dialysis and non-dialysis treatment days in hemodialysis patients: Cross-sectional results from the HEMO study","volume":"13","author":"Burrowes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-011-0061-4","article-title":"The relationship between breakfast, lunch and dinner eating patterns and hemodialysis sessions, quality of life, depression, and appetite in hemodialysis patients","volume":"44","author":"Afsar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C.M., Teixeira, B.S., Wright, K.P., Maia, Y.C.D.P., and Crispim, C.A. (2022). Time-related eating patterns are associated with the total daily intake of calories and macronutrients in day and night shift workers. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112202"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105468","article-title":"Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women","volume":"166","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.05.012","article-title":"Effect of a chronotype-adjusted diet on weight loss effectiveness: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-07996-z","article-title":"Effects of a chronotype-adapted diet on weight loss, cardiometabolic health, and gut microbiota: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Dinu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.08.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of protein-energy wasting in kidney disease: A meta-analysis of contemporary observational studies from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Carrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051631","article-title":"Protein-energy wasting and mortality in chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Bonanni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"55","article-title":"Why protein-energy wasting leads to faster progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Narasaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.02.003","article-title":"Clinical taste perception test for patients with end-stage kidney disease on dialysis","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2019.04.009","article-title":"Enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica y olfato","volume":"40","author":"Corona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01560-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota disturbances and protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease: A narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.08.002","article-title":"Prevalence of pica in patients on dialysis and its association with nutritional status","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.07.002","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and the gut microbiome","volume":"Volume 131","author":"Voigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad097","article-title":"Temporal patterns in taste sensitivity","volume":"82","author":"Costanzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.422","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and chronic allograft dysfunction","volume":"78","author":"Porrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e57522","article-title":"Ramadan fasting and its impact on patients with chronic kidney disease: Insights and guidelines","volume":"16","author":"Alobaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e25269","article-title":"Fasting Ramadan in chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney transplant, and dialysis patients: Review and update","volume":"14","author":"Habas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3390\/transplantology3020020","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in renal transplant recipients","volume":"3","author":"Chmielnicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13030","article-title":"Feeling gutted in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Gastrointestinal disorders and therapies to improve gastrointestinal health in individuals with CKD, including those undergoing dialysis","volume":"37","author":"Biruete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layman, D.K. (2024). Impacts of protein quantity and distribution on body composition. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1388986"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satirapoj, B., Apiyangkool, T., Thimachai, P., Nata, N., and Supasyndh, O. (2024). Intradialytic oral nutrition effects on malnourished hemodialysis patients: A randomized trial. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72402-2"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortiz, A., Ramos-Acevedo, S., Santiago-Ayala, V., Gaytan, G., Valencia-Flores, M., Correa-Rotter, R., Carrero, J.J., Xu, H., and Espinosa-Cuevas, \u00c1. (2022). Sleep quality after intradialytic oral nutrition: A new benefit of this anabolic strategy? A pilot study. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.882367"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.10.010","article-title":"Causes of poor appetite in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torreggiani, M., Piccoli, G.B., Moio, M.R., Conte, F., Magagnoli, L., Ciceri, P., and Cozzolino, M. (2023). Choice of the dialysis modality: Practical considerations. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093328"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12833","article-title":"Fasting status and circadian variation must be considered when performing AUC-based therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentzelou, M., Papadopoulou, S.K., Psara, E., Voulgaridou, G., Pavlidou, E., Androutsos, O., and Giaginis, C. (2024). Chrononutrition in the prevention and management of metabolic disorders: A literature review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050722"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:30Z","timestamp":1759919610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17030389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17030389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}