{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:38:24Z","timestamp":1792805904789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Warsaw University of life Sciences\u2014SGGW","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05srvzs48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin E is one of the key dietary antioxidants. However, current evidence remains insufficient to establish a definitive relationship between circulating vitamin E levels, body fat content, and their influence on metabolic health. This study aimed to assess and compare the vitamin E nutritional status in adults with normal and excess body fat and its determinants. Methods: Concentrations of vitamin E isoforms (\u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherols, \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocotrienols) were assessed in 127 individuals. Body fat content and other anthropometric indices, as well as biochemical markers such as lipid profile, plasma fatty acid concentration and C-reactive protein, were identified as markers of metabolic health. Participants were divided into two groups: with normal and excess body fat (defined as more than 30% in women and more than 25% in men). Results: The determinants of higher \u03b1-tocopherol concentrations were lower body fat content and higher levels of circulating lipids as HDL and LDL (R2 = 0.221, p &lt; 0.001 in a model of multivariate linear regression). The level of circulating vitamin E isoforms correlated with the concentration of CRP (r = \u22120.464 for \u03b1-T, r = \u22120.453 for \u03b1T3, r = \u22120.270 for \u03b3-T, r = \u22120.355 for \u03b3-T3). Similarly, elevated concentrations of vitamin E isoforms are linked to lower adipose tissue content, which may contribute to lower inflammation and improved metabolic health (r = \u22120.359 for \u03b1-T, r = \u22120.333 for \u03b1T3, r = \u22120.276 for \u03b3-T3, no significant correlation for \u03b3-T). Conclusions: These results reveal that the vitamin E status of adults with excess body fat may be inadequate and linked to poorer metabolic health. We found that the determinants of lower plasma vitamin E were higher BF and lower TC and its fraction, with the strongest correlations being found for HDL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T05:49:54Z","timestamp":1737611394000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Nutritional Status of Vitamin E and Its Association with Metabolic Health in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3786-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7852-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Bry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Brzezi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u00f3rnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niki, E., and Abe, K. 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