{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:58:54Z","timestamp":1787317134500,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for Prevention of Addictions","award":["K\/PBI\/000188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/PBI\/000188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders comprise a range of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Recent investigations have revealed that among patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels are substantially higher than those of healthy controls. Patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders similarly present with higher levels of cobalamin, yet the significance of cobalamin in the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders remains to be established. This study aimed to examine cobalamin and other cobalamin status markers in patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: In total, 80 patients were enrolled in the study\u201441 diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and 39 healthy controls. The diet history method was used to assess vitamin B12 intake for three days preceding blood sampling. Total vitamin B12 (cobalamin), holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid and soluble transcobalamin receptor (CD320) were measured in serum samples. Results: The daily intake of vitamin B12 was higher in patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders compared to controls, both in the simple analysis and after adjusting for age (OR for patients with FASDs: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.16\u20132.87). An elevated serum cobalamin level was noted in some patients from the group with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in serum levels of cobalamin, holotranscobalamin, CD320 or methylmalonic acid. However, the correlations between cobalamin and its metabolites differed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders as compared to those in the control group. Conclusions: Our study did not find any deficits of vitamin B12 and its metabolites in patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Further studies to investigate the role of vitamin B12 in the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders should be established given the fact that both high and low levels of vitamin B12 may have negative health impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T05:49:54Z","timestamp":1737611394000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cobalamin Status Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)\u2014A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1319-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kr\u00f3l-Dykas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6886-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dyl\u0105g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"St. Louis Children Hospital, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Przybyszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis Children Hospital, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Burkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis Children Hospital, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Tokarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis Children Hospital, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis Children Hospital, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Dumnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2853-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kurnik-\u0141ucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zarzycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9166-x","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. 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