{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:42:22Z","timestamp":1783399342610,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["P30DK56336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK56336"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["P30DK079626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK079626"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["F32HD101214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32HD101214"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["F31HD101281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HD101281"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["T32HL105349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL105349"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["P30DK56336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK56336"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["P30DK079626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK079626"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["F32HD101214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32HD101214"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["F31HD101281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HD101281"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &amp; Human Development","award":["T32HL105349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL105349"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P30DK56336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK56336"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P30DK079626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK079626"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["F32HD101214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32HD101214"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["F31HD101281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HD101281"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32HL105349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL105349"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are interested in diet as a second-line approach for disease management. This study examined potential variables that correlate with inaccuracy of self-reported energy intake (EI) in adults with MS. Methods: Twenty-eight participants completed two assessment appointments within a 14-day period that included a standard doubly labeled water (DLW) protocol for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE). The participants reported their EI using the Automated Self-Administered 24 h (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool. The primary variables of interest for explaining the discrepancy between TEE and ASA24 EI (i.e., inaccuracy) included cognition (processing speed, visuospatial memory, and verbal memory), hydration status (total body water), and device-measured physical activity. Pearson\u2019s correlations assessed the association between absolute and percent inaccuracy in reporting of EI with outcomes of interest, followed by linear regression analyses for identifying independent correlates. Results: California Verbal Learning Test\u2014Second Edition (CVLT-II) z-scores and light physical activity (LPA) were significantly associated with mean absolute difference in EI (r = \u20130.53 and r = 0.46, respectively). CVLT-II z-scores and LPA were the only variables significantly associated with mean percent difference in EI (r = \u20130.48 and r = 0.42, respectively). The regression analyses indicated that both CVLT-II and LPA significantly explained variance in mean absolute difference in EI, and only CVLT-II explained variance for percent difference in EI. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that verbal learning and memory and LPA are associated with inaccuracy of self-reported EI in adults with MS. This may guide timely research identifying appropriate protocols for assessment of diet in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T09:42:23Z","timestamp":1737970943000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Correlates of Inaccuracy in Reporting of Energy Intake Among Persons with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1973-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3810 Ridgeway Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77493, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3810 Ridgeway Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Gower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary R.","family":"Cutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Motl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3810 Ridgeway Drive, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2021, November 27). What Is MS. Available online: https:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org\/What-is-MS."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The prevalence of MS in the United States: A population-based estimate using health claims data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.056","article-title":"Barriers against a successful MS treatment: The importance of effectiveness beyond efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"80","article-title":"Your patients with multiple sclerosis have set wellness as a high priority-and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is responding","volume":"11","author":"Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"US Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-053","article-title":"Natural history of multiple sclerosis symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Kister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0252-5","article-title":"Dietary responses to a multiple sclerosis diagnosis: A qualitative study","volume":"73","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2001.00308.x","article-title":"Nutrition and diet in the clinical management of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Payne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Dietary intake of nutrients and its correlation with fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"13","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004768","article-title":"Diet quality is associated with disability and symptom severity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830514Y.0000000117","article-title":"The association of diet with quality of life, disability, and relapse rate in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Hadgkiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518807061","article-title":"Diet quality and risk of multiple sclerosis in two cohorts of US women","volume":"25","author":"Rotstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, S.L., Jeng, B., Gower, B.A., and Motl, R.W. (2021). Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Validity of Self-Report Dietary Assessment in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison with Doubly Labeled Water Measured Total Energy Expenditure. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041198"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3040048","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update on Assessment and Management","volume":"3","author":"Portaccio","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroSci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"39","article-title":"Management of bladder dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.011","article-title":"Objectively quantified physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Klaren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westerterp, K.R. (2013). Physical activity and physical activity induced energy expenditure in humans: Measurement, determinants, and effects. Front. Physiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00090"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00008.x","article-title":"Variation in total energy expenditure in humans","volume":"3","author":"Goran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy390","article-title":"Methodologic considerations for measuring energy expenditure differences between diets varying in carbohydrate using the doubly labeled water method","volume":"109","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19880037","article-title":"The doubly-labelled-water (2H218O) method: Principles and practice","volume":"47","author":"Coward","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100203","article-title":"A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies","volume":"2","author":"Speakman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.04.016","article-title":"The Automated Self-Administered 24-hour dietary recall (ASA24): A resource for researchers, clinicians, and educators from the National Cancer Institute","volume":"112","author":"Subar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43.3","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.43.3","article-title":"A Validation of Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recalls (ASA24) Relative to Interviewer-Administered Recalls using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR)","volume":"30","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.149","article-title":"Nutrient intake in the GEICO multicenter trial: The effects of a multicomponent worksite intervention","volume":"67","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.08.153","article-title":"Baseline dietary intake of individuals with spinal cord injury who are overweight or obese","volume":"119","author":"Silveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedict, R.H., Amato, M.P., Boringa, J., Brochet, B., Foley, F., Fredrikson, S., Hamalainen, P., Hartung, H., Krupp, L., and Penner, I. (2012). Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS): International standards for validation. BMC Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-55"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A. (1973). Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Western Psychological Services.","DOI":"10.1037\/t27513-000"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690821","article-title":"Validity of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040903266910","article-title":"Validity of the California Verbal Learning Test\u2013II in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Stegen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., and Ober, B.A. (2025, January 22). California Verbal Learning Test--Second Edition (CVLT\u2013II) [Database Record]. APA PsycTests. (1987\u20132000). Available online: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft15072-000."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458506ms1286oa","article-title":"Memory performance in multiple sclerosis patients correlates with central brain atrophy","volume":"12","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","article-title":"Revision of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity","volume":"8","author":"Benedict","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2004.05.011","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and the visual system","volume":"17","author":"Jacobs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin N. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000276992.17011.b5","article-title":"Thalamic atrophy and cognition in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Houtchens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(Actilife [Computer Software], 2016). Actilife [Computer Software], Version 6.13.3."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.024","article-title":"Accelerometer cut-points derived during over-ground walking in persons with mild, moderate, and severe multiple sclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Sandroff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2013.821966","article-title":"Reliability of physical-activity measures over six months in adults with multiple sclerosis: Implications for designing behavioral interventions","volume":"40","author":"Motl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Learmonth, Y.C., Motl, R.W., Sandroff, B.M., Pula, J.H., and Cadavid, D. (2013). Validation of patient determined disease steps (PDDS) scale scores in persons with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-37"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows [Computer Software], 2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows [Computer Software], Version 27.0."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709990750","article-title":"The utility of regression-based norms in interpreting the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)","volume":"16","author":"Parmenter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, F.E., and Subar, A.F. (2017). Dietary assessment methodology. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802928-2.00001-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482536","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/482536","article-title":"Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated with Brain Volumetric Measurements in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Klaren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601341","article-title":"Relationship of high energy expenditure and variation in dietary intake with reporting accuracy on 7 day food records and diet histories in a group of healthy adult volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Barnard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000724666X","article-title":"Characteristics of misreporters of dietary intake and physical activity","volume":"10","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public. Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.2.389","article-title":"Social desirability bias in dietary self-report may compromise the validity of dietary intake measures","volume":"24","author":"Hebert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.45.4.14","article-title":"Self-reported Changes in Energy Balance Behaviors during COVID-19-related Home Confinement: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"45","author":"Bhutani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:06Z","timestamp":1759919766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17030438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17030438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]}}}