{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:00:20Z","timestamp":1792555220588,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sepsis is a critical condition characterized by severe immune dysregulation, ranking among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in intensive care and internal medicine units. Nutritional status plays a pivotal role in modulating these responses, as when inadequate it can compromise immune defenses, the body\u2019s ability to handle stress and inflammation, and the clinical course. Malnutrition is frequently observed in septic patients and is strongly associated with worse clinical outcomes, including increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and greater complication rates. In this context, nutritional scoring systems have emerged as valuable tools to evaluate patients\u2019 nutritional status and predict clinical trajectories. Objectives: Given the absence of a direct comparison of their performance in an internal medicine setting, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various nutritional scores as predictive tools for clinical outcomes in septic patients, emphasizing their application within the field of internal medicine. Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 143 patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock who were admitted to an internal medicine unit. Key variables included clinical and laboratory parameters, comorbidities, and nutritional scores at the time of diagnosis. The modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, the modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) score, and the blood urea nitrogen-to-albumin ratio (BAR) were evaluated in forecasting mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis. Among them, the mNUTRIC score emerged as the strongest independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, with a good performance and a reasonable threshold for risk stratification. Conclusions: The study highlights the mNUTRIC score\u2019s practicality and reliability in assessing nutritional and inflammatory risks in septic patients, particularly in non-ICU settings. These findings suggest its potential utility in guiding nutritional interventions and improving clinical outcomes, emphasizing the importance of integrating nutritional assessment into sepsis management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T10:14:30Z","timestamp":1738318470000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Unlocking the Predictive Power of Nutritional Scores in Septic Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7817-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Toscano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Bellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Cinquegrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Maria","family":"Bueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lorello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert Ryan","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Lo Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Rheumatology, Azienda Ospedaliera Papardo, 98158 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0508-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Squadrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mandraffino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Morace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","article-title":"Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-treated Sepsis. 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