{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:11:05Z","timestamp":1790626265016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science","award":["C 24K10513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C 24K10513"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science","award":["JP20dk0207050h001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20dk0207050h001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science","award":["JP20de010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20de010702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C 24K10513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C 24K10513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20dk0207050h001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20dk0207050h001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20de010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20de010702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment that significantly interferes with daily life. Therapeutic options for AD that substantively modify disease progression remain a critical unmet need. In this regard, the gut microbiota is crucial in maintaining human health by regulating metabolism and immune responses, and increasing evidence suggests that probiotics, particularly beneficial bacteria, can enhance memory and cognitive functions. Recent studies have highlighted the positive effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) on individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and schizophrenia. Additionally, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been shown to effectively prevent memory decline in AppNL\u2013G\u2013F mice. In relation to Alzheimer\u2019s pathology, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been found to reduce amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) accumulation and tau phosphorylation in both AppNL\u2013G\u2013F and wild-type (WT) mice. It also decreases microglial activation and increases levels of synaptic proteins. In this review, we examine the beneficial effects of B. breve MCC1274 on AD, exploring potential mechanisms of action and how this probiotic strain may aid in preventing or treating the disease. Furthermore, we discuss the broader implications of B. breve MCC1274 for improving overall host health and provide insights into future research directions for this promising probiotic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T09:35:07Z","timestamp":1738575307000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Protective Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve MCC1274 as a Novel Therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Counts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Michikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cha-Gyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nursing International Promotion, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Nursing, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.002","article-title":"Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria","volume":"12","author":"Dubois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.05.1769","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception","volume":"9","author":"Weiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac166","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diet and Exercise Effects on Cognition: A Review of the Intervention Literature","volume":"78","author":"Koblinsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedroza Matute, S., and Iyavoo, S. (2023). Exploring the gut microbiota: Lifestyle choices, disease associations, and personal genomics. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1225120"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468s","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240754","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"147","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01249-0","article-title":"The Amyloid-\u03b2 Pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199409000-00003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Central Role for Amyloid","volume":"53","author":"Selkoe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2194","article-title":"Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders","volume":"8","author":"Ballatore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300410","article-title":"Physical basis of cognitive alterations in alzheimer\u2019s disease: Synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Terry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14506.1","article-title":"Current understanding of Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Weller","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappa, S.F. (2018). The Quest for an Alzheimer Therapy. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00108"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"102","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Prodromal Syndrome of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Karakaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.343","article-title":"Treatment With Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine of Patients in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","volume":"68","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutsch, A., Kantsj\u00f6, J.B., and Ronchi, F. (2020). The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"136","article-title":"Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, J., Ma, H., Yang, Y., Liao, Y., Lin, C., Zheng, J., Yu, M., and Lan, J. (2023). Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1201982"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.-J., and Wei, Z. (2023). Advances in the study of the effects of gut microflora on microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1295916"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, Y.P., Bernardi, A., and Frozza, R.L. (2020). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fock, E., and Parnova, R. (2023). Mechanisms of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaliere, G., Catapano, A., Trinchese, G., Cimmino, F., Penna, E., Pizzella, A., Cristiano, C., Lama, A., Crispino, M., and Mollica, M.P. (2023). Butyrate Improves Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Impairment in Cerebral Cortex and Synaptic Fraction in an Animal Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010004"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1518-1","article-title":"Effect of the HDAC Inhibitor, Sodium Butyrate, on Neurogenesis in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxia\u2013Ischemia: Potential Mechanism of Action","volume":"56","author":"Jaworska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47683-w","article-title":"Bacteroidota inhibit microglia clearance of amyloid-beta and promote plaque deposition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models","volume":"15","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahr.2023.100128","article-title":"Relevance of gut microbiota to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD): Potential effects of probiotic in management of AD","volume":"3","author":"Dhami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Health Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00730-8","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harach, T., Marungruang, N., Duthilleul, N., Cheatham, V., Mc Coy, K.D., Frisoni, G., Neher, J.J., F\u00e5k, F., Jucker, M., and Lasser, T. (2017). Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41802"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01511-z","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Knox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.08.009","article-title":"Targeting the blood\u2013brain barrier to delay aging-accompanied neurological diseases by modulating gut microbiota, circadian rhythms, and their interplays","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Bruggeman, A., De Nolf, C., Vandendriessche, C., Van Imschoot, G., Van Wonterghem, E., Vereecke, L., and Vandenbroucke, R.E. (2023). Gut microbiota regulates blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function and A\u03b2 pathology. EMBO J., 42.","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022111515"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111560","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implications of the blood-brain barrier as an intervention target","volume":"199","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montanari, M., Imbriani, P., Bonsi, P., Martella, G., and Peppe, A. (2023). Beyond the Microbiota: Understanding the Role of the Enteric Nervous System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Mice to Human. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0025.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.066","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood","volume":"160","author":"Margolis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., and Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain\u2013Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","article-title":"Indigenous Bacteria from the Gut Microbiota Regulate Host Serotonin Biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34092","article-title":"Gut-brain axis: A cutting-edge approach to target neurological disorders and potential synbiotic application","volume":"10","author":"Ashique","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt, N.M., Kerby, R.L., Dill-McFarland, K.A., Harding, S.J., Merluzzi, A.P., Johnson, S.C., Carlsson, C.M., Asthana, S., Zetterberg, H., and Blennow, K. (2017). Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13601-y"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tooley, K.L. (2020). Effects of the Human Gut Microbiota on Cognitive Performance, Brain Structure and Function: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103009"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01776","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2013astrocyte axis: New insights into age-related cognitive decline","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Leon-Derecho, C.M.P. (2025). Microbiome-based therapeutics. Human Microbiome Drug Targets, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15435-5.00017-7"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ruwatia, R., Sarkar, S.R., Panda, S., and Banerjee, S. (2024). Gut microbiome and neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic Implications. Aging Pathobiol. Ther., 7."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.052","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice","volume":"141","author":"Bercik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1242-9","article-title":"Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., He, C., An, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Fu, W., Wang, M., Shan, Z., Xie, J., and Yang, Y. (2024). The Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Body Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137379"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Wang, L., Huangfu, M., and Li, H. (2023). The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115276"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, T.-T., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y., Zhu, R.-Y., Wang, F.-X., Ma, L.-J., Jiang, L., and Liu, H.-D. (2023). Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040930"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76304","article-title":"Gut\/brain axis and the microbiota","volume":"125","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhanna, A., Martini, N., Hmaydoosh, G., Hamwi, G., Jarjanazi, M., Zaifah, G., Kazzazo, R., Haji Mohamad, A., and Alshehabi, Z. (2024). The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review. Medicine, 103.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037114"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, T.A., Nguyen, J.C., Polglaze, K.E., and Bertrand, P.P. (2016). Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010056"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.4.16108","article-title":"Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers","volume":"2","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arboleya, S., Watkins, C., Stanton, C., and Ross, R.P. (2016). Gut Bifidobacteria Populations in Human Health and Aging. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.09.001","article-title":"The human milk microbiota: Origin and potential roles in health and disease","volume":"69","author":"Langa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butta, H., Sardana, R., Vaishya, R., Singh, K.N., and Mendiratta, L. (2017). Bifidobacterium: An Emerging Clinically Significant Metronidazole-resistant Anaerobe of Mixed Pyogenic Infections. Cureus, 9.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.1134"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.11.013","article-title":"Bifidobacteria in milk products: An overview of physiological and biochemical properties, exopolysaccharide production, selection criteria of milk products and health benefits","volume":"55","author":"Prasanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0206-6","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria","volume":"6","author":"Pokusaeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201488","article-title":"Association of Plasma Hemoglobin A1c with Improvement of Cognitive Functions by Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Supplementation in Healthy Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"81","author":"Bernier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Wasan, A., and Sharma, R.K. (2021). Recent developments in probiotics: An emphasis on Bifidobacterium. Food Biosci., 41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.100993"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saturio, S., Nogacka, A.M., Alvarado-Jasso, G.M., Salazar, N., de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n, C.G., Gueimonde, M., and Arboleya, S. (2021). Role of Bifidobacteria on Infant Health. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122415"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melini, F., Melini, V., Luziatelli, F., Ficca, A.G., and Ruzzi, M. (2019). Health-Promoting Components in Fermented Foods: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051189"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.M., Tarfeen, N., Mohamed, H., and Song, Y. (2023). Fermented Foods: Their Health-Promoting Components and Potential Effects on Gut Microbiota. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9020118"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, M.M., Guo, H.X., Cai, J.W., and Meng, X.C. (2022). Bifidobacterium breve Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Maintaining the Mucosal and Epithelial Barriers and Modulating Gut Microbes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183671"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzi Cionci, N., Baffoni, L., Gagg\u00eca, F., and Di Gioia, D. (2018). Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention\/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0328.v1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026","article-title":"Role of Bifidobacterium in Modulating the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier: Current Knowledge and Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Abdulqadir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, M., Zhou, C., Jung, C.G., and Michikawa, M. (2022). Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Mitigates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Pathologies in Wild-Type Mice. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122543"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215025","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Prevents Memory Impairment Through the Reduction of Both Amyloid-\u03b2 Production and Microglia Activation in APP Knock-In Mouse 1","volume":"85","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, Y., Sugahara, H., Shimada, K., Mitsuyama, E., Kuhara, T., Yasuoka, A., Kondo, T., Abe, K., and Xiao, J.-Z. (2017). Therapeutic potential of Bifidobacterium breve strain A1 for preventing cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13368-2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, M., Jung, C.G., Zhou, C., Inoue, R., Chen, Y., Sento, Y., Hida, H., and Michikawa, M. (2024). Potential Therapeutic Effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathologies in App(NL-G-F) Mice. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040538"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernier, F., Kuhara, T., and Xiao, J. (2023). Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Lipid Droplet Formation via PLIN4 Gene Regulation. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030791"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220479","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Supplementation Increased the Plasma Levels of Metabolites with Potential Anti-Oxidative Activity in APP Knock-In Mice","volume":"89","author":"Ohno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2018.32","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Breve A1 Supplementation Improved Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Open-Label, Single-Arm Study","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220148","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in Improving Cognitive Function and Preventing Brain Atrophy in Older Patients with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"88","author":"Asaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200488","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in Improving Cognitive Functions of Older Adults with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"77","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.011","article-title":"Effect of bifidobacterium breve A-1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"245","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.047","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease current therapies, novel drug delivery systems and future directions for better disease management","volume":"367","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Brady, S.T., Siegel, G.J., Albers, R.W., and Price, D.L. (2012). Chapter 12\u2014Synaptic Transmission and Cellular Signaling: An Overview. Basic Neurochemistry, Academic Press. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, T., Furuoka, H., Kaya, M., and Kuhara, T. (2021). Oral Administration of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Improves Facilitation of Hippocampal Memory Extinction via Restoration of Aberrant Higher Induction of Neuropsin in an MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020167"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: Where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zong, S., Cui, X., Wang, X., Wu, S., Wang, L., Liu, Y., and Lu, Z. (2023). The effects of microglia-associated neuroinflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117172"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong-Guerra, M., Calfio, C., Maccioni, R.B., and Rojo, L.E. (2023). Revisiting the neuroinflammation hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A focus on the druggability of current targets. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1161850"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, Y., Han, S., Kwon, J., Ju, S., Choi, T.G., Kang, I., and Kim, S.S. (2023). Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204466"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamura, R., Okubo, R., Katsumata, N., Odamaki, T., Hashimoto, N., Kusumi, I., Xiao, J., and Matsuoka, Y.J. (2021). Lipid and Energy Metabolism of the Gut Microbiota Is Associated with the Response to Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Strain for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11100987"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, T., Odamaki, T., and Xiao, J.Z. (2019). Production of Indole-3-Lactic Acid by Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated fromHuman Infants. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090340"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, C.B., Tanaka, A., Kuhara, T., and Xiao, J.Z. (2020). Potential Effects of Indole-3-Lactic Acid, a Metabolite of Human Bifidobacteria, on NGF-induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030398"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0740-x","article-title":"Indole-3-lactic acid, a metabolite of tryptophan, secreted by Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis is anti-inflammatory in the immature intestine","volume":"88","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316523","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/316523","article-title":"Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, D.S.A., and Oliver, P.L. (2020). ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080743"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.05.003","article-title":"Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Bisht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.05.010","article-title":"Stress and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A senescence link?","volume":"115","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.04.002","article-title":"The relationship between stress and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Justice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Sharan, P., and Vellapandian, C. (2024). Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis: Unveiling the Potential Mechanisms Involved in Stress-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Depression. Cureus, 16."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Martin, C.R., Patel, V.B., and Preedy, V.R. (2023). Chapter 25\u2014Psychopathophysiology and compassion-based cognitive-behavior group therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by Disorder, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, A.B., Montgomery, K., Bale, T.L., and Thompson, S.M. (2022). What the hippocampus tells the HPA axis: Hippocampal output attenuates acute stress responses via disynaptic inhibition of CRF+ PVN neurons. Neurobiol. Stress, 20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100473"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112778","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in a high-risk sample of children, adolescents and young adults in residential youth care\u2014Associations with adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems","volume":"284","author":"Clemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"376","article-title":"Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense","volume":"5","author":"Birben","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S611","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179935","article-title":"Role of Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau Proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Confuting the Amyloid Cascade","volume":"64","author":"Gulisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Hong, F., and Yang, S. (2022). Amyloidosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041210"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-024-01118-1","article-title":"The duality of amyloid-\u03b2: Its role in normal and Alzheimer\u2019s disease states","volume":"17","author":"Azargoonjahromi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Ns20220086","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20220086","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014Front and centre after all?","volume":"7","author":"Weglinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuronal Signal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.09.007","article-title":"Aducanumab and the \u201cpost-amyloid\u201d era of Alzheimer research?","volume":"109","author":"Musiek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00637-0","article-title":"Anti-amyloid therapies for Alzheimer disease: Finally, good news for patients","volume":"18","author":"Ramanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, M., Chu, F., Zhu, F., and Zhu, J. (2022). Impact of Anti-amyloid-\u03b2 Monoclonal Antibodies on the Pathology and Clinical Profile of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Focus on Aducanumab and Lecanemab. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.870517"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0179","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 with glycosidic activity enhances in vivo isoflavone bioavailability","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dionisio-Santos, D.A., Karaahmet, B., Belcher, E.K., Owlett, L.D., Trojanczyk, L.A., Olschowka, J.A., and O\u2019Banion, M.K. (2021). Evaluating Effects of Glatiramer Acetate Treatment on Amyloid Deposition and Tau Phosphorylation in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.758677"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00177.x","article-title":"The role of tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders","volume":"17","author":"Medeiros","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-1-24","article-title":"Advances in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Focusing on Tau-Mediated Neurodegeneration","volume":"1","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00883-2","article-title":"Tau-targeting therapies for Alzheimer disease: Current status and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Congdon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2165\/11536110-000000000-00000","article-title":"Targeting Tau Protein in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32107-9","article-title":"Targeting tau protein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"388","author":"Rafii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, P., Sehar, U., Bisht, J., Selman, A., Culberson, J., and Reddy, P.H. (2022). Phosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Tauopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112841"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbier, P., Zejneli, O., Martinho, M., Lasorsa, A., Belle, V., Smet-Nocca, C., Tsvetkov, P.O., Devred, F., and Landrieu, I. (2019). Role of Tau as a Microtubule-Associated Protein: Structural and Functional Aspects. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00204"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt265","article-title":"Dietary regulation of PI3K\/AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Kitagishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-023-00751-2","article-title":"Akt signaling pathway: A potential therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease through glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibition","volume":"59","author":"Limantoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayas, C.L., and \u00c1vila, J. (2021). GSK-3 and Tau: A Key Duet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040721"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, A., Nishimura, T., Yoshimoto, S., Yoshida, K., Gotoh, A., Katoh, T., Yoneda, Y., Hashimoto, T., Xiao, J.-Z., and Katayama, T. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of metabolites produced by co-cultivation of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 with human iPS-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1155438"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"534","article-title":"IL-22 ameliorates intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis","volume":"118","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300016","article-title":"IL-22 deficiency alters colonic microbiota to be transmissible and colitogenic","volume":"190","author":"Zenewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, T., Gao, Y., Qiu, Y., Jiang, S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., and Nie, K. (2020). Gut Microbiota Altered in Mild Cognitive Impairment Compared With Normal Cognition in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00137"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0296-4","article-title":"Perturbation of the gut microbiome by Prevotella spp. enhances host susceptibility to mucosal inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Iljazovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4878","article-title":"Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Chen, F., Han, Z., Yin, Z., Ge, X., and Lei, P. (2021). Relationship Between Amyloid-\u03b2 Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.695479"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., He, Y., Han, J., Wei, W., and Chen, F. (2023). Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Associations, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1258640"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamu, A., Li, S., Gao, F., and Xue, G. (2024). The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: Current understanding and future therapeutic targets. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1347987"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandl, S., and Reindl, M. (2023). Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612699"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-85","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt37","article-title":"The involvement of cell cycle events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Herrup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.1999.00106.x","article-title":"The role of cell cycle-mediated events in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Raina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, M., and Jung, C.G. (Unpublished work, 2024). Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00728.x","article-title":"The role of synaptic proteins in the pathogenesis of disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"3","author":"Masliah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michetti, C., Falace, A., Benfenati, F., and Fassio, A. (2022). Synaptic genes and neurodevelopmental disorders: From molecular mechanisms to developmental strategies of behavioral testing. Neurobiol. Dis., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105856"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-48","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Synaptic dysfunction and Abeta","volume":"4","author":"Shankar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.230276","article-title":"Synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The effects of amyloid beta on synaptic vesicle dynamics as a novel target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"13","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-48","article-title":"Oligomeric A\u03b2-induced synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900014164","article-title":"The interplay of neurotransmitters in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160726","article-title":"Mitochondrial Aspects of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00022-9","article-title":"Chapter 28\u2014Synaptic dysfunction in early phases of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"Volume 184","author":"Quartarone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"196","article-title":"Communication networks in the brain: Neurons, receptors, neurotransmitters, and alcohol","volume":"31","author":"Lovinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16150","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.782490","article-title":"Postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) serine 561 phosphorylation regulates a conformational switch and bidirectional dendritic spine structural plasticity","volume":"292","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coley, A.A., and Gao, W.-J. (2019). PSD-95 deficiency disrupts PFC-associated function and behavior during neurodevelopment. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45971-w"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.05.014","article-title":"Neuropsin\u2014A possible modulator of synaptic plasticity","volume":"42","author":"Shiosaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2017.04.002","article-title":"Rolipram improves facilitation of contextual fear extinction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"134","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, M., Morici, J.F., Zanoni, M.B., and Bekinschtein, P. (2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0170","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on the cognitive function of older adults with memory complaints: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102310","article-title":"Medial temporal atrophy in preclinical dementia: Visual and automated assessment during six year follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.06.001","article-title":"Structural MRI discriminates individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment from age-matched controls: A combined neuropsychological and voxel based morphometry study","volume":"2","author":"Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, S., Zhang, Q., He, C., Fu, C., and Wei, Q. (2022). The role of the gut microbiota in health and cardiovascular diseases. Mol. Biomed., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00091-2"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106090","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonization in early life regulates gut-brain axis and relieves anxiety-like behavior in adulthood","volume":"177","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000203","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum 1714\u2122 Strain Modulates Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers During Social Stress","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115277","article-title":"A domestic strain of Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates cognitive deficit and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in an animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"476","author":"Heydari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44040096","article-title":"Therapeutic Anti-Depressant Potential of Microbial GABA Produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains for GABAergic Signaling Restoration and Inhibition of Addiction-Induced HPA Axis Hyperactivity","volume":"44","author":"Tette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharwani, A., Mian, M.F., Surette, M.G., Bienenstock, J., and Forsythe, P. (2017). Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress. BMC Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0771-7"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25487","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut","volume":"4","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbuhn, A.F., Reynolds, S.M., Campbell, C.W., Bradford, L.A., Deckert, J.A., Kreutzer, A., and Fry, A.C. (2018). Effects of Probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum 35624) Supplementation on Exercise Performance, Immune Modulation, and Cognitive Outlook in Division I Female Swimmers. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040116"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465810379009","article-title":"Immunomodulatory impact of a synbiotic in T(h)1 and T(h)2 models of infection","volume":"4","author":"Cazzola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Kim, S., Park, S.-j., Park, G., Shin, H., Park, M.S., and Kim, J. (2021). Administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium longum BORI Improves Cognitive and Memory Function in the Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.709091"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H.-J., Chen, J.-L., Liao, J.-F., Chen, Y.-H., Chieu, M.-W., Ke, Y.-Y., Hsu, C.-C., Tsai, Y.-C., and Hsieh-Li, H.M. (2021). Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 prevents cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice by modulating propionic acid levels, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity, and gliosis. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03426-8"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agahi, A., Hamidi, G.A., Daneshvar, R., Hamdieh, M., Soheili, M., Alinaghipour, A., Esmaeili Taba, S.M., and Salami, M. (2018). Does Severity of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Contribute to Its Responsiveness to Modifying Gut Microbiota? A Double Blind Clinical Trial. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00662"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbari, E., Asemi, Z., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Bahmani, F., Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O.R., Hamidi, G.A., and Salami, M. (2016). Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial. Front. Aging Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00256"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12695","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602546","article-title":"Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition","volume":"61","author":"Benton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.018","article-title":"Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects","volume":"61","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.010","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P8 alleviated stress and anxiety while enhancing memory and cognition in stressed adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"38","author":"Lew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Gonzalez, C., Cardona, D., Rueda-Ruzafa, L., Rodriguez-Arrastia, M., Ropero-Padilla, C., and Roman, P. (2024). Cognitive and Emotional Effect of a Multi-species Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10315-2"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/558\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:25:13Z","timestamp":1760027113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/3\/558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17030558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17030558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}