{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:26:14Z","timestamp":1788175574107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by profound nutritional deficits and significant alterations in body composition, cellular integrity, and hydration. Nutritional rehabilitation is critical not only for weight restoration but also for improving body composition and metabolic functions. However, optimal strategies for integrating caloric and protein intake to achieve balanced recovery remain underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the interactions between caloric\/protein intake and time on quantitative (weight and BMI) and qualitative (body composition and cellular health) outcomes, and to identify markers that predict recovery trajectories and guide personalized nutritional interventions. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 79 patients with AN admitted to Villa Miralago for six months of nutritional rehabilitation. Anthropometric and body composition parameters\u2014including body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), body cell mass (BCM), phase angle (PA), and hydration markers (TBW and ECW)\u2014were assessed at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) were used to evaluate the effects of caloric and protein intake over time. Results: Significant increases in BW (+6.54 kg, p &lt; 0.0001) and BMI (+2.47 kg\/m2, p &lt; 0.0001) were observed, alongside improvements in FM, FFM, and BCM. PA increased significantly (+0.47\u00b0, p &lt; 0.0001), indicating enhanced cellular health. TBW increased (+1.58 L, p &lt; 0.0001), while ECW% decreased, reflecting improved fluid distribution. Caloric intake predominantly influenced early fat mass recovery, while protein intake was crucial for preserving lean tissues and promoting cellular regeneration. Interaction effects between caloric\/protein intake and time revealed dynamic changes in body composition, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a dynamic, marker-based approach to nutritional rehabilitation in AN. Integrating caloric and protein intake with advanced body composition and hydration markers enables personalized interventions and balanced recovery, shifting AN treatment toward a focus on qualitative improvements overweight restoration alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T09:35:07Z","timestamp":1738575307000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dynamic Nutrition Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Marker-Based Integration of Calories and Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Dozio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Miralago, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Cuasso al Monte, 21050 Varese, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0295-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Alonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Applied to the Sciences of Nutrition, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alkemy S.p.A., 20124 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Caumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina Giuseppa","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Miralago, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Cuasso al Monte, 21050 Varese, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Scuttari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Miralago, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Cuasso al Monte, 21050 Varese, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Fringuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Miralago, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Cuasso al Monte, 21050 Varese, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8663-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana","family":"Terruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villa Miralago, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Cuasso al Monte, 21050 Varese, VA, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Body Composition and Nutritional Status Changes in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"99","year":"2023","journal-title":"An. 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