{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:26:20Z","timestamp":1771860380108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To examine the relationships between food security, nutrition security, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation, and cardiometabolic outcomes, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes, among low-income U.S. individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 486 participants (April\u2013June 2021) assessed food and nutrition security and cardiometabolic outcomes. Mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusted for covariates and included a random effect for state of residence. Moderation analyses evaluated SNAP participation\u2019s impact. Results: Very low food security was associated with higher odds of having at least one cardiometabolic condition, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.04\u20133.69; p = 0.04). SNAP moderated this relationship (p-interaction = 0.007), with non-participants experiencing significantly higher risk. Non-SNAP participants with very low food security had 3.17 (95% CI = 1.17\u20138.61) times higher odds of having a cardiometabolic condition. Among SNAP participants, very low food security was not significantly associated with having a cardiometabolic condition (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 0.64\u20134.13). Higher nutrition security was associated with lower odds of having at least one cardiometabolic condition (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41\u20130.83; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Nutrition security and SNAP participation mitigate cardiometabolic risks, underscoring their importance in public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1738734636000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SNAP Participation as a Moderator of Food and Nutrition Security and Combined Cardiometabolic Conditions: A Mixed Regression Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Almohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruosha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8086-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1680-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayna M.","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric E.","family":"Calloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Impact, Omaha, NE 68154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjail","family":"Sharrief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shreela V.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.112573","article-title":"Food Insecurity is Associated with Chronic Disease among Low-Income NHANES Participants","volume":"140","author":"Seligman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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