{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:35:50Z","timestamp":1788906950046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["11240685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11240685"]}]},{"name":"Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["1221098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1221098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder driven by both genetic and environmental factors, with the HLA DQ2\/DQ8 genotypes playing a central role in its development. Despite the genetic predisposition, only a small percentage of individuals carrying these genotypes develop the disease. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, is the primary environmental trigger, but other factors, such as the intestinal microbiota, may also contribute to disease progression. While the gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the cornerstone of treatment, many CD patients experience persistent inflammation and gut dysbiosis, leading to ongoing symptoms and complications. This chronic inflammation, which impairs nutrient absorption, increases the risk of malnutrition, anemia, and other autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have identified an altered gut microbiota in CD patients, both on and off the GFD, highlighting the potential role of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis. An emerging area of interest is the supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), known for their anti-inflammatory properties, as a potential therapeutic strategy. n-3 PUFAs, found in fish oil and certain plant oils, modulate the immune cell function and cytokine production, making them a promising intervention for controlling chronic inflammation in CD. This review explores the current understanding of n-3 PUFAs\u2019 effects on the gut microbiota\u2019s composition and inflammation in CD, with the goal of identifying new avenues for complementary treatments to improve disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interplay of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Intestinal Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3759-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla A.","family":"Bascu\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Roncoroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina Del Pilar L\u00f3pez","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000310","article-title":"A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Celiac Disease HLA Genetics","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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