{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:18:14Z","timestamp":1791227894996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Yerba mat\u00e9 (YM), a traditional herbal beverage made from Ilex paraguariensis, contains bioactive compounds like polyphenols and alkaloids known for their metabolic benefits. This study investigates YM\u2019s incretin effects, focusing on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Methods: Male and female C57BL\/6 mice were supplemented with YM for four weeks. Post-supplementation, GLP-1 and GIP gene expression levels were analyzed in jejunal mucosa, and plasma hormone concentrations were measured. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted using GLUTag L-cells to evaluate the direct effects of YM and its metabolites, including ferulic acid and dihydroferulic acid, on GLP-1 secretion. Gene expression analysis involved quantitative real-time PCR, while hormone levels were assessed via ELISA. Results: YM supplementation significantly increased GLP-1 gene expression and plasma GLP-1 levels compared to controls, with no changes observed in GIP expression or plasma levels. Direct treatment of GLUTag L-cells with YM did not enhance GLP-1 secretion. However, dihydroferulic acid, a microbial metabolite of ferulic acid, markedly stimulated GLP-1 production in L-cells, highlighting a role of gut-mediated metabolism in YM\u2019s incretin effects. Conclusions: YM selectively upregulates GLP-1 pathways without affecting GIP, likely through gut-mediated mechanisms. These findings suggest YM as a promising nutraceutical for incretin modulation and metabolic disorder management. Further studies should explore the interplay between YM, the gut microbiota, and incretin pathways to fully realize its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Incretin Effect of Yerba Mat\u00e9 (Ilex paraguariensis) Is Partially Dependent on Gut-Mediated Metabolism of Ferulic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elijah T.","family":"Cooper-Leavitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marley J.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colson G.","family":"Beus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alden T.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack H.","family":"Radford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan P.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac T.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8818-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0931-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Bikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.08.012","article-title":"The incretin system and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"297","author":"Holst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. 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