{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:44:56Z","timestamp":1790005496473,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR22C1605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute","award":["BCRI-24082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI-24082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The complementary food introduction and consumption guidelines for atopic dermatitis and food allergy prevention have evolved; however, their impact on infant feeding practices remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze complementary food diversity trends in infants, identify vulnerable infants with limited food diversity, and examine the trends in infants with or without vulnerable factors over time. Methods: This study analyzed infants aged 9\u201312 months who participated in the food diversity survey, conducted as part of the National Health Screening Program in Korea from 2009 to 2020. The complementary food items included grains, vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and meats. Infants consuming \u201csix\u201d and \u201cless than six\u201d complementary food items were categorized into high- and low-food-diversity groups, respectively. The study employed logistic regression models to examine the trends in food diversity and vulnerable factors with an assessment of the interaction effects. Results: This study included 3,425,301 participants (51.5% male) aged 11.3 months (standard deviation, 0.8). The high-food-diversity prevalence significantly increased over time, from 30.8% in 2009 to 52.9% in 2020 (p &lt; 0.001). Vulnerable infants included those with preterm birth, low birth weight, non-breastfeeding status, high socioeconomic status, non-Seoul residence at birth, any perinatal conditions, hospitalization due to wheezing, atopic dermatitis and food allergies. The high-diversity proportion increased significantly over the study period across all vulnerable factors (p for interaction &lt; 0.001). However, no significant interactions were observed between the study years and vulnerable factors, except for food allergy (\u03b2 Coefficient, \u22120.0117, p for interaction = 0.004). Conclusions: The increasing trends in high-complementary-food-diversity proportions highlight the substantial progress over the study period. However, persistent disparities in vulnerable populations underline the importance of targeted interventions, including tailored nutritional education and policies, that promote equitable dietary practices during early life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["National Trends and Disparities in Complementary Food Diversity Among Infants: A 12-Year Cross-Sectional Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonkyeong","family":"Rhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7203-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University, Goyang 10414, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boeun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Rodriguez, A., Bustamante-Sanchez, A., Martinez-Guardado, I., Navarro-Jimenez, E., Plata-SanJuan, E., Tornero-Aguilera, J.F., and Clemente-Suarez, V.J. 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