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We aimed to investigate the association between salt intake during pregnancy and adverse outcomes of birth weight. Methods: Our study was based on a prospective cohort study that has followed 4267 mother\u2013child pairs since 2017 in Shanghai, China. Salt consumption was estimated based on the cooking salt and soy sauce from household condiments consumed, weighing measurements over a week, and then categorized into &lt;5.0 (reference), 5.0\u201310.0, and \u226510.0 g\/day. Salt density was calculated as the amount of salt divided by the total energy intake from food frequency questionnaires. Outcomes related to birth weight were defined according to standard clinical cutoffs, including low birth weight (LBW), macrosomia, small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of LBW were 1.72 (95% CI 1.01\u20132.91) for 5.0\u201310.0 g\/day salt intake, and 2.06 (95% CI 1.02\u20134.13) for \u226510.0 g\/day, compared to those of &lt;5.0 g\/day (p-trend = 0.04). For SGA, ORs were 1.46 (95% CI 1.09\u20131.97) for 5.0\u201310.0 g\/day and 1.69 (95% CI 1.16\u20132.47; p-trend = 0.006) for \u226510.0 g\/day. Similarly, the OR comparing the extreme tertile (high vs. low) of salt density was 1.91 (95% CI 1.08\u20133.36; p-trend = 0.01) for LBW and 1.63 (95% CI 1.18\u20132.25; p-trend &lt; 0.001) for SGA. No significant associations were observed for salt intake in relation to macrosomia or LGA. These findings remain stable in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusions: In this study, habitual cooking salt intake above 5 g\/day was associated with increased risks of LBW and SGA, which warrants confirmation by interventional studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of Cooking Salt Intake During Pregnancy with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age Newborns: A Large Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengwu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dou","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puchen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caimei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanning","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunman","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geng","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, No.130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2012). 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