{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:08:27Z","timestamp":1790820507202,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health crisis affecting over 10% of the population, with mortality rates increasing significantly. Current management strategies, including expensive medications and renal replacement therapies, highlight the need for cost-effective, conservative approaches. This review examines the evidence for plant-dominant low-protein diets (PLADO) in managing non-dialysis-dependent CKD. Existing guidelines for protein restriction in CKD vary considerably, with inconsistencies and a lack of personalization noted in the KDOQI and KDIGO recommendations. While traditional low-protein diet trials show limited success due to poor adherence and marginal benefits, PLADO offers a potentially more sustainable alternative. PLADO\u2019s advantages include improved nutrient density, reduced dietary acid load, anti-inflammatory effects, and beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome, potentially reducing uremic toxins and improving cardiovascular health. However, challenges remain, including adherence issues, potential nutrient deficiencies, and potassium management. Although observational studies show promise, further large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate PLADO\u2019s efficacy and establish optimal dietary composition. A personalized, multidisciplinary approach is essential for successful implementation and monitoring to maximize PLADO\u2019s benefits in improving outcomes for individuals with NDD-CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diets: A Promising Dietary Strategy for Mitigating Disease Progression in People with Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jun-Ya","family":"Kaimori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Otemae University, 2-1-88 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsufumi","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Isaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132405","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/132405","article-title":"Hypertension in chronic kidney disease: Navigating the evidence","volume":"2011","author":"Tedla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1014-6","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.147","article-title":"FGF-23 and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.368","article-title":"The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases","volume":"80","author":"Couser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.05.008","article-title":"The Economic Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00854-w","article-title":"Treatment of chronic kidney disease in older populations","volume":"20","author":"Kishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000573","article-title":"Conservative vs. preservative management of chronic kidney disease: Similarities and distinctions","volume":"29","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000670","article-title":"Novel conservative management of chronic kidney disease via dialysis-free interventions","volume":"30","author":"Zarantonello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.05.002","article-title":"The International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism Commentary on the National Kidney Foundation and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"31","author":"Kistler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2024). KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 105, S117\u2013S314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"585","article-title":"Special issue: Evidence-based practice guideline for the treatment of CKD","volume":"55","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Japanese Society of Nephrology (2024). Essential points from evidence-based clinical practice guideline for chronic kidney disease 2023. Clin. Exp. Nephrol., 28, 473\u2013495.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-024-02497-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2023.06.010","article-title":"Nutritional and Dietary Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Under Conservative and Preservative Kidney Care Without Dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Rhee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.07.005","article-title":"The Effects of Restricted Protein Diet Supplemented with Ketoanalogue on Renal Function, Blood Pressure, Nutritional Status, and Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fouque, D., Laville, M., and Boissel, J.P. (2006). Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001892.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001892.pub2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1170-2","article-title":"Effect of restricted protein diet supplemented with keto analogues in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12264","article-title":"Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiri Khosroshahi, R., Zare, M., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Kiany, F., Talebi, S., and Mohammadi, H. (2024). Effects of a Low-Protein Diet on Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutr. Rev., nuae178.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae178"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403313301301","article-title":"The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"330","author":"Klahr","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.08.009","article-title":"Effect of a very low-protein diet on outcomes: Long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study","volume":"53","author":"Menon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.021","article-title":"Effect of a low- versus moderate-protein diet on progression of CKD: Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Cianciaruso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab417","article-title":"No additional benefit of prescribing a very low-protein diet in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease under regular nephrology care: A pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2806","article-title":"Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Japanese Cohort","volume":"179","author":"Budhathoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7058","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085322","article-title":"Sources and Amounts of Animal, Dairy, and Plant Protein Intake of US Adults in 2007\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"Pasiakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004642","article-title":"Plant and animal protein intake and its association with overweight and obesity among the Belgian population","volume":"105","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.020","article-title":"Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition","volume":"27","author":"Agnoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000584","article-title":"Dietary acid load, kidney function and risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"91","author":"Mofrad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"343","article-title":"Dietary Acid Load: Mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions","volume":"39","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001730","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001730","article-title":"Low-grade metabolic acidosis as a driver of chronic disease: A 21st century public health crisis","volume":"8","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnauba, R.A., Baptistella, A.B., Paschoal, V., and Hubscher, G.H. (2017). Diet-Induced Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis and Clinical Outcomes: A Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060538"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-3","article-title":"The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Carlsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.09.003","article-title":"Planetary Health, Nutrition, and Chronic Kidney Disease: Connecting the Dots for a Sustainable Future","volume":"33","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432797","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?","volume":"2016","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.06.016","article-title":"The Role for Protein Restriction in Addition to Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in the Management of CKD","volume":"73","author":"Koppe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cupisti, A., Giannese, D., Moriconi, D., D\u2019Alessandro, C., Torreggiani, M., and Piccoli, G.B. (2020). Nephroprotection by SGLT2i in CKD Patients: May It Be Modulated by Low-Protein Plant-Based Diets?. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.622593"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismael, S., Silvestre, M.P., Vasques, M., Araujo, J.R., Morais, J., Duarte, M.I., Pestana, D., Faria, A., Pereira-Leal, J.B., and Vaz, J. (2021). A Pilot Study on the Metabolic Impact of Mediterranean Diet in Type 2 Diabetes: Is Gut Microbiota the Key?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041228"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merra, G., Noce, A., Marrone, G., Cintoni, M., Tarsitano, M.G., Capacci, A., and De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010007"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9570-8","article-title":"Gut microbiome approaches to treat obesity in humans","volume":"103","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3400","article-title":"Gut microbiome-derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial cell damage and mitigate graft-versus-host disease","volume":"17","author":"Mathewson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2018.10.009","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Kidney Cross-Talk in Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"39","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.11.006","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.048","article-title":"Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction","volume":"152","author":"Bouter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211609200","article-title":"The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids","volume":"278","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Joshi, S., Schlueter, R., Cooke, J., Brown-Tortorici, A., Donnelly, M., Schulman, S., Lau, W.L., Rhee, C.M., and Streja, E. (2020). Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diet for Conservative Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0516.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.06.011","article-title":"Plant or Animal-Based or PLADO Diets: Which Should Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Choose?","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cases, A., Cigarran-Guldris, S., Mas, S., and Gonzalez-Parra, E. (2019). Vegetable-Based Diets for Chronic Kidney Disease? It Is Time to Reconsider. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061263"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Amouri, A., Snauwaert, E., Foulon, A., Vande Moortel, C., Van Dyck, M., Van Hoeck, K., Godefroid, N., Glorieux, G., Van Biesen, W., and Vande Walle, J. (2021). Dietary Fibre Intake Is Associated with Serum Levels of Uraemic Toxins in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030225"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"Groen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00490114","article-title":"Effect of increasing dietary fiber on plasma levels of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Sirich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.11.008","article-title":"The Role of Dietary Fiber Supplementation in Regulating Uremic Toxins in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/157016112798829760","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide on endothelial function","volume":"10","author":"Tousoulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-106","article-title":"Effect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Coles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: A randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.07.020","article-title":"Common bean protein hydrolysate modulates lipid metabolism and prevents endothelial dysfunction in BALB\/c mice fed an atherogenic diet","volume":"30","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, A., Samtiya, M., Dhewa, T., Mishra, V., and Aluko, R.E. (2022). Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14264"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0297-2","article-title":"Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00530119","article-title":"Healthy Dietary Patterns and Incidence of CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"14","author":"Bach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.004","article-title":"Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"39","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.12.027","article-title":"Poor accordance to a DASH dietary pattern is associated with higher risk of ESRD among adults with moderate chronic kidney disease and hypertension","volume":"95","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz146","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"110","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.W., Tsai, W.H., Liu, J.S., and Kuo, K.L. (2019). Association of Vegetarian Diet with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020279"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Cui, X., Wang, B., Tang, Q., Cai, J., and Shen, X. (2020). Healthy adult vegetarians have better renal function than matched omnivores: A cross-sectional study in China. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01918-2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040369","article-title":"Ketoanalogue-Supplemented Vegetarian Very Low-Protein Diet and CKD Progression","volume":"27","author":"Garneata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000189341","article-title":"A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"74","author":"Barsotti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.09.005","article-title":"Vitamin Supplement Use in Patients with CKD: Worth the Pill Burden?","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarantonello, D., and Brunori, G. (2023). The Role of Plant-Based Diets in Preventing and Mitigating Chronic Kidney Disease: More Light than Shadows. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196137"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.177113","article-title":"Plant and animal protein intakes are differently associated with nutrient adequacy of the diet of French adults","volume":"143","author":"Camilleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.01.022","article-title":"Let Them Eat Healthy: Can Emerging Potassium Binders Help Overcome Dietary Potassium Restrictions in Chronic Kidney Disease?","volume":"30","author":"Sussman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.09.018","article-title":"Potassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"97","author":"Clase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa232","article-title":"Does dietary potassium intake associate with hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?","volume":"36","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.12.005","article-title":"Association Between Dietary Potassium Intake Estimated From Multiple 24-Hour Urine Collections and Serum Potassium in Patients with CKD","volume":"8","author":"Ogata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S401623","article-title":"Hyperkalemia and the Use of New Potassium Binders a Single Center Experience from Vestfold Norway (The PotBind Study)","volume":"16","author":"Bjune","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac026","article-title":"Etiology-based dietary approach for managing hyperkalemia in people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"80","author":"Fouque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, C., Giannese, D., Avino, M., and Cupisti, A. (2021). Energy Requirement for Elderly CKD Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103396"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massini, G., Caldiroli, L., Molinari, P., Carminati, F.M.I., Castellano, G., and Vettoretti, S. (2023). Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Do We Currently Know?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143107"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/643\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:31:04Z","timestamp":1760027464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17040643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040643","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}