{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:15:09Z","timestamp":1794330909471,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["1711177801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711177801"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wpjm123","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["321036-05-3-HD060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321036-05-3-HD060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wpjm123","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs","award":["1711177801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711177801"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009g8rq41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs","award":["321036-05-3-HD060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321036-05-3-HD060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009g8rq41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Probiotics have been shown to enhance cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but their efficacy varies, depending on the strain and dosage. Objectives: Clinical investigations are crucial to confirm their safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. This study was designed to assess the effective dosage, safety, and efficacy of MH-Pro, a test product containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CBT-LR5 (LR5) and skim milk (non-fat dry milk), in improving cognitive function and related physiological changes in older adults suspected of MCI over 12 weeks. Methods: In total, 20 participants (mean age: 68.9 years) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either a low-dose group (1 \u00d7 1010 CFU LR5 with 1622 mg) or a high-dose group (1 \u00d7 1010 CFU LR5 with 4055 mg skim milk) in a double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. Results: After 12 weeks, the low-dose group showed significant improvements in the MOCA-K subdomains, specifically in naming (p = 0.01) and delayed recall (p = 0.003). Additionally, levels of amyloid-\u03b21 40\/42 in the blood significantly decreased (p = 0.03) following supplementation in the low-dose group. The high-dose group exhibited significant improvement in orientation (p = 0.05). Moreover, overall cognitive enhancement was observed in the low-dose group (p = 0.003), while the high-dose group showed a trend toward improvement (p = 0.06). Fecal analysis revealed significant changes in bacterial composition, with an increase in Lacticaseibacillus after 12 weeks of MH-Pro consumption. Together, these findings provide foundational evidence suggesting that MH-Pro supplementation may serve as a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function through gut\u2013brain axis pathways in the elderly population. However, given the small sample size and the predominance of female participants, the impact of the outcome may be limited. Further large-scale studies are necessary to validate these preliminary results. Conclusions: This study provides foundational evidence to recognize the use of LR5 and skim milk to prepare a probiotic supplement that enhances cognitive function in the aging population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Augmenting Cognitive Function in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CBT-LR5: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Non-Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyohee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9166-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Soo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dooheon","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Seon","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6785-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Wan","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Chul","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Clinical Trial Center for K-FOOD Microbiome, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si 10003, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, October 01). Ageing and Health; Fact Sheets. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Central Dementia Center (2024). Korean Dementia Observatory 2023, Central Dementia Center. NMC-2024-0044-10 Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). Alzheimer\u2019s Association2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement., 20, 3708\u20133821.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical spectrum: Diagnosis and management","volume":"103","author":"Atri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nanjiba, R. (2024). An Updated Review on the Approved and Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Brac University]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00845-5","article-title":"Unraveling Alzheimer\u2019s: The promise of aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab","volume":"60","author":"Ameen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230112160522","article-title":"Side effects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241292829","article-title":"A systematic review of lifestyle-based interventions for managing Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights from randomized controlled trials","volume":"102","author":"Tabone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, T., Tu, Y., Deng, X., Sigen, A., Li, Y., Jing, X., Wei, L., Huang, N., and Cheng, Y. (2023). Multidomain interventions for non-pharmacological enhancement (MINE) program in Chinese older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A multicenter randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Neurol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03390-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05295-1","article-title":"The effect of probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics on metabolic outcomes in individuals with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Bock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01259-x","article-title":"The effect of probiotics supplementation on blood pressure: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Gonzalez, E.G., Lamas, A., Mondragon, A.d.C., Regal, P., and Miranda, J.M. (2021). Probiotics as a possible strategy for the prevention and treatment of allergies. A narrative review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040701"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-013-3017-x","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: Current challenges and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30147-4","article-title":"The microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in obesity","volume":"2","author":"Schellekens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2015.35.6.831","article-title":"Bioactive Peptides in Milk and Dairy Products: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2009.01.007","article-title":"Milk-derived bioactive peptides: From science to applications","volume":"1","author":"Korhonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799533","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1799533","article-title":"The effects of dairy and dairy derivatives on the gut microbiota: A systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0135","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 alleviates stress and anxiety in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.06.026","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and prevents gut microbiota dysbiosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S270035","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial examining the impact of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic supplementation on cognitive functioning in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"16","author":"Sanborn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00728F","article-title":"Effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota supplementation on clinical responses and gut microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, S.B., Jun, D.W., Kang, B.-K., Lim, J.H., Lim, S., and Chung, M.-J. (2019). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a multispecies probiotic mixture in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42059-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Son, D., An, S., Cho, E., Lim, S., and Lee, H.-J. (2024). Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CBT LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3 supplementation on weight loss and gut microbiota of overweight dogs. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75594-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, Y.H., Park, S., Paik, J.W., Chae, S.W., Kim, D.H., Jeong, D.G., Ha, E., Kim, M., Hong, G., and Park, S.H. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus Plantarum C29-Fermented Soybean (DW2009) in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Week, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020305"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-006-0024-x","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.872627","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety of probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Didari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114600","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo genome-based safety evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRa05","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathipa-Mdakane, M.G., and Thantsha, M.S. (2022). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: A Suitable Candidate for the Construction of Novel Bioengineered Probiotic Strains for Targeted Pathogen Control. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060785"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhong, J., and Zhang, D. (2023). Assessing the Safety and Probiotic Characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus X253 via Complete Genome and Phenotype Analysis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010140"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9166-3","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive-Plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus): An expansion of the ADAS-Cog to improve responsiveness in MCI","volume":"6","author":"Skinner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0122-6","article-title":"Hormonal influences on cognition and risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Janicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105849","article-title":"Milk fat globule membrane-enriched milk improves episodic memory: A randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in older adults","volume":"111","author":"Calvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830514Y.0000000122","article-title":"Lactobacillus helveticus\u2013fermented milk improves learning and memory in mice","volume":"18","author":"Ohsawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1324564","article-title":"Identification of peptides present in sour milk whey that ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice","volume":"69","author":"Ohsawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2010.04.002","article-title":"Fermented milk of Lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 reduces beta-amyloid and attenuates memory deficit","volume":"2","author":"Yeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129809541147","article-title":"Bioactive peptides in milk and their biological and health implications","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6103","article-title":"Colostrinin (a naturally occurring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Bilikiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kita, M., Kobayashi, K., Obara, K., Koikeda, T., Umeda, S., and Ano, Y. (2019). Supplementation with Whey Peptide Rich in beta-Lactolin Improves Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00399"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., and Sun, D. (2016). Meta-Analysis of Milk Consumption and the Risk of Cognitive Disorders. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120824"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, R.C., and Alpass, F.M. (2024). Effectiveness of dairy products to protect against cognitive decline in later life: A narrative review. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1366949"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101374","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101374","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and depression: Deep insight into biological mechanisms and potential applications","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i6.1754","article-title":"Gut-brain axis: Focus on gut metabolites short-chain fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motataianu, A., Serban, G., and Andone, S. (2023). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Cross-Talk with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015094"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3825-z","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors as new therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Reimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273106","article-title":"Gut instincts: Microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"595","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105840","article-title":"The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"172","author":"Doboszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, Y.P., Bernardi, A., and Frozza, R.L. (2020). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onisiforou, A., Charalambous, E.G., and Zanos, P. (2025). Shattering the Amyloid Illusion: The Microbial Enigma of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis\u2014From Gut Microbiota and Viruses to Brain Biofilms. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010090"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173660","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1173660","article-title":"The role of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating of the gut-brain axis","volume":"10","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107978","article-title":"Probiotics: Potential novel therapeutics for microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunction across gender and lifespan","volume":"231","author":"Snigdha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suganya, K., and Koo, B.-S. (2020). Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics\/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207551"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.016","article-title":"Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorates cognitive impairment in obesity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"115","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO04014J","article-title":"Ingestion of Lacticaseibacillus Rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents depression-like behavior and brain neural activity via the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in colitis mice","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicks, L.M.T. (2022). Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091838"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110485","article-title":"Impact of food-derived bioactive peptides on gut function and health","volume":"147","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222857","article-title":"Food derived bioactive peptides and intestinal barrier function","volume":"15","author":"Mascaraque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.82","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and their subtypes in oldest old women","volume":"68","author":"Yaffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13844","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Boyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pszczolowska, M., Walczak, K., Miskow, W., Mroziak, M., Kozlowski, G., Beszlej, J.A., and Leszek, J. (2024). Association between Female Reproductive Factors and Risk of Dementia. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102983"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.11.012","article-title":"Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"196","author":"Sattler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318211c83c","article-title":"Relationship Between Education and Dementia: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02074-w","article-title":"Differential roles of A\u03b242\/40, p-tau231 and p-tau217 for Alzheimer\u2019s trial selection and disease monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Ashton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14073","article-title":"Plasma pTau217 predicts continuous brain amyloid levels in preclinical and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Devanarayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01348-z","article-title":"Prediction of future Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia using plasma phospho-tau combined with other accessible measures","volume":"27","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00990-0","article-title":"Combining plasma phospho-tau and accessible measures to evaluate progression to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia in mild cognitive impairment patients","volume":"14","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.012","article-title":"The Finnish geriatric intervention study to prevent cognitive impairment and disability (FINGER): Study design and progress","volume":"9","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Stephen, R. (2020). The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (Finger): Findings from the Structural Brain Mri Sub-Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, It\u00e4-Suomen yliopisto]."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:34:48Z","timestamp":1760027688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17040691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040691","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]}}}