{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:03Z","timestamp":1787029203458,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The gut microbiota is involved in modulating gastrointestinal function and consequently contributes to the manifestation of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota in infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders (infantile colic, functional constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, functional diarrhea) according to age, environmental factors, and clinical manifestations. Methods: The study involved the clinical and laboratory examination of 134 infants divided into two groups: group I (n = 82) with FGIDs according to Rome IV criteria, divided into four subgroups (infantile colic, functional constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, and functional diarrhea), and group II (n = 52) without FGIDs. To assess the composition of intestinal microbiota, a bacteriological analysis of fecal samples was performed. Results: Infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders presented an imbalance of intestinal microflora, which was characterized by a significant decrease in the main representatives of acidifying flora represented by Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus and high abundance of proteolytic microorganisms from the Enterobacteriaceae family such as Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli. In infants born by cesarean section or artificially fed, the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal dysbiosis was significantly higher. Conclusions: The imbalance of acidifying and proteolytic microbial composition in the gut could be the key to the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in the first year of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T11:31:17Z","timestamp":1739791877000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Gut Microbiota Profile and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Cosmin","family":"Pantazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancuta","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Luminita","family":"Balasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Chisnoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisia","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina Elena","family":"Frecus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Ungureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergiu Ioachim","family":"Chirila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassan","family":"Nori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Valeriu","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4701-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona Mihaela","family":"Stoicescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginel","family":"Baciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Claudia","family":"Cambrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Cai, X., Ye, Y., Wang, F., Chen, F., and Zheng, C. 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