{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:07:43Z","timestamp":1792678063455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National key research and development plan","award":["2022YFF1100505-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100505-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: this study aimed to explore the effects of different intake levels (20\u201380%) of highland barley on the anti-fatigue capacity of ICR mice, focusing on energy metabolism, metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and changes in the gut microbiota. Methods: male ICR mice were assigned to five groups: control (normal diet) and four experimental groups with highland barley supplementation at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of total dietary energy. Anti-fatigue performance was assessed by behavioral experiments (rotarod, running, and exhaustive swimming tests), biochemical markers, and gut microbiota analysis. Results: the results showed that moderate supplementation (20%) significantly enhanced exercise endurance and anti-fatigue capacity, as evidenced by increased liver glycogen (134.48%), muscle glycogen (87.75%), ATP content (92.07%), Na+-K+-ATPase activity (48.39%), and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (103.31%), catalase (87.75%), glutathione peroxidase (81.14%). Post-exercise accumulation of blood lactate, quadriceps muscle lactate, serum urea nitrogen, and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde was significantly reduced, with differences of 31.52%, 21.83%, 21.72%, and 33.76%, respectively. Additionally, 20% supplementation promoted the growth of beneficial gut microbiota associated with anti-fatigue effects, including unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, g_norank_f_Peptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Colidextribacter, and Turicibacter. However, when intake reached 60% or more, anti-fatigue effects diminished, with decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, increased accumulation of metabolic waste, and a rise in potentially harmful microbiota (Allobaculum, Desulfovibrio, and norank_f_norank_o_RF39). Conclusions: moderate highland barley supplementation (20% of total dietary energy) enhances anti-fatigue capacity, while excessive intake (\u226560%) may have adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T05:34:26Z","timestamp":1739943266000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Moderate Highland Barley Intake Affects Anti-Fatigue Capacity in Mice via Metabolism, Anti-Oxidative Effects and Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liangxing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6537-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh","family":"Sharafeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Department of Food and Dairy Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luman","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain Industry (Highland Barley Deep Processing) Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Grain and Oil Standards Research Verification and Testing Center, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6755","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01251","article-title":"Mechanisms of Physical Fatigue and its Applications in Nutritional Supplementations","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1983768","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a potential target for developing anti-fatigue foods","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0118","article-title":"Central and Peripheral Fatigue During Resistance Exercise A Critical Review","volume":"49","author":"Zajac","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/026404197367254","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle fatigue in intense exercise","volume":"15","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Wang, D., Hu, J., Tan, B.K., Zhang, Y., and Lin, S. (2021). Natural bioactive peptides to beat exercise-induced fatigue: A review. Food Biosci., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101298"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, C., Shen, X., and Liu, Y. (2022). The use of traditional Chinese medicines in relieving exercise-induced fatigue. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.969827"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Suarez, V.J., Bustamante-Sanchez, A., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Martinez-Guardado, I., Martin-Rodriguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Antioxidants and Sports Performance. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102371"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.04.032","article-title":"Satellite cells depletion in exercising human skeletal muscle is restored by ginseng component Rg1 supplementation","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002311","article-title":"Caffeine Optimizes HIIT Benefits on Obesity-associated Metabolic Adversity in Women","volume":"52","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Qu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Sun, Y., Chen, Z., Teng, L., and Wang, D. (2018). Antifatigue Potential Activity of Sarcodon imbricatus in Acute Excise-Treated and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Mice via Regulation of Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9140896"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., Liu, Z., Wang, X., and Wang, C. (2021). Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10051030"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medrado de Barcellos, L.A., Goncalves, W.A., Esteves de Oliveira, M.P., Guimaraes, J.B., Queiroz-Junior, C.M., de Resende, C.B., Russo, R.C., Coimbra, C.C., Silva, A.N., and Teixeira, M.M. (2021). Effect of Physical Training on Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Performance in Mice. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.625680"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02027-3","article-title":"A Food is Medicine approach to achieve nutrition security and improve health","volume":"28","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140545","article-title":"Fluid and fuel intake during exercise","volume":"22","author":"Coyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, Z., Shi, Y., Zou, J., Zhang, X., Xin, B., Guo, D., Sun, J., and Luan, F. (2024). A review of the polysaccharides against fatigue and the underlying mechanism. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 275.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133601"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.10.023","article-title":"Effects of oat \u03b2-glucan on endurance exercise and its anti-fatigue properties in trained rats","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, L., Ma, N., Zheng, H., Ma, G., Zhao, L., and Hu, Q. (2019). Tuber indicum polysaccharide relieves fatigue by regulating gut microbiota in mice. J. Funct. Foods, 63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103580"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y.-C., Xu, J.-X., Zeng, C.-F., Zhao, X.-H., Li, L.-Q., and Qi, L.-N. (2022). Gut microbiome dysbiosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after extended hepatectomy liver failure. Ann. Transl. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-1958"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, A., and Mach, N. (2016). Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: A systematic review for athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0155-6"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, S.-B., Zhou, H.-H., Wang, P.-F., Wang, X.-P., Xue, Z.-P., Li, J., Gao, S., Li, N., Bai, J.-Q., and Xie, L.-H. (2022). Modulation effects of danshen-honghua herb pair on gut microbiota of acute myocardial ischemia model rat. Fems Microbiol. Lett., 369.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac036"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04076C","article-title":"Stilbenes-enriched peanut sprouts alleviated physical fatigue via regulating interactions of nutrients-microbiota-metabolites revealed by multi-omics analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, Y.P., Bernardi, A., and Frozza, R.L. (2020). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duttagupta, S., Roy, N.K., and Dey, G. (2024). Efficacy of amino acids in sports nutrition- review of clinical evidences. Food Res. Int., 187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114311"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.57.9","article-title":"Relieving Occupational Fatigue by Consumption of a Beverage Containing \u03b3-Amino Butyric Acid","volume":"57","author":"Kanehira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.204546","article-title":"Anti-Fatigue Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols (-)- Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)","volume":"13","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tardy, A.-L., Pouteau, E., Marquez, D., Yilmaz, C., and Scholey, A. (2020). Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010228"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"36","article-title":"Antifatigue Effects of Oat on Mice","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chin. Cereals Oils Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.07.011","article-title":"Understanding the nutrient composition and nutritional functions of highland barley (Qingke): A review","volume":"103","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2005). Preparation of Barley Green in Highland Barley and Evaluation of its Anti-Fatigue and Anti-Hypoxia Functions. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Southwest University of Agriculture]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000815","article-title":"Dietary dry bean effects on hepatic expression of stress and toxicity-related genes in rats","volume":"108","author":"Daniell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"118","article-title":"Dose conversion analysis of whole grains and legumes between mice and humans","volume":"46","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Chen, J., Huang, L., Ou, Y., Wu, J., Guo, Z., and Zheng, B. (2023). The Anti-Fatigue Effect of Glycoprotein from Hairtail Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) on BALB\/c Mice. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061245"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.12.013","article-title":"Study on effect of jellyfish collagen hydrolysate on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Huang, Y., Li, M., Sun, B., Liu, L., Lv, M., Qu, M., Guan, H., and Zhu, X. (2023). High Fischer ratio peptide of hemp seed: Preparation and anti-fatigue evaluation in vivo and in vitro. Food Res. Int., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112534"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010239","article-title":"Fucoidan Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Exhibits Anti-Fatigue Action in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Wang, Y., Cai, G., Kong, F., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, D., and Teng, L. (2015). Antifatigue Activity of Liquid Cultured Tricholoma matsutake Mycelium Partially via Regulation of Antioxidant Pathway in Mouse. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/562345"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.06.003","article-title":"Carnitine Acetyltransferase Mitigates Metabolic Inertia and Muscle Fatigue during Exercise","volume":"22","author":"Seiler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Lin, D., Guo, J., Zhang, Y., and Zheng, B. (2017). In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Anti-Fatigue Effect of Sea Horse (Hippocampus) Peptides. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030482"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15866","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with mung bean coat alleviates the disorders in serum glucose and lipid profile and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced prediabetic mice","volume":"86","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.200","article-title":"Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide exhibits anti-fatigue activity via regulating osteocalcin signaling","volume":"175","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"313","article-title":"Muscle fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Asmussen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Ma, X., Cao, L., Zhao, S., Zhao, C., Yin, S., and Hu, H. (2021). A Multi-Ingredient Formula Ameliorates Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Changing Metabolic Pathways and Increasing Antioxidant Capacity in Mice. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123120"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chen, J., Zheng, Y., Yu, H., Zhao, J., Chen, J., and Zhu, J. (2021). Dunaliella salina-derived peptide protects from bone loss: Isolation, purification and identification. Lwt-Food Sci. Technol., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110437"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Wang, X., Liu, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2021). Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3846122"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2012.10.003","article-title":"Effects of muscle-damaging exercise on physiological, metabolic, and perceptual responses during two modes of endurance exercise","volume":"10","author":"Burt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01821E","article-title":"Purification, characterization and anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharide fractions from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Ding, Y., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Sun, Q., Liu, J., Yang, X., Wang, J., and Zhang, J. (2018). \u03b2-glucan Salecan Improves Exercise Performance and Displays Anti-Fatigue Effects through Regulating Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070858"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00121D","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus) peptides for anti-fatigue","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-012-2237-1","article-title":"Recent Advancements in the LC- and GC-Based Analysis of Malondialdehyde (MDA): A Brief Overview","volume":"75","author":"Giera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.6.1103","article-title":"Selenium, vitamin E and the response to swimming stress in the rat","volume":"109","author":"Brady","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.005","article-title":"Activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and lipid peroxidation intensity in stallion semen during storage at 5 \u00b0C","volume":"63","author":"Kankofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Y., Ye, Y., Cai, T., Li, S., and Liu, X. (2022). Anti-fatigue activity of the polysaccharides isolated from Ribes stenocarpum Maxim. J. Funct. Foods, 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.104947"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6220","article-title":"Effect of whey protein hydrolysates with different molecular weight on fatigue induced by swimming exercise in mice","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01658A","article-title":"Anti-fatigue effects of small-molecule oligopeptides isolated from Panax quinquefolium L. in mice","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wang, Y., Zheng, G., Li, Z., and Mei, J. (2023). Resveratrol-loaded selenium\/chitosan nano-flowers alleviate glucolipid metabolism disorder-associated cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124316"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.305","article-title":"Ultrasonic\/microwave-assisted extraction, simulated digestion, and fermentation in vitro by human intestinal flora of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis","volume":"152","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang, Y., Liu, J., Zhai, A., Wu, K., Chuang, Y., Ge, Y., and Wang, C. (2023). Effects of highland barley p-glucan on blood glucose and gut microbiota in streptozotocin-induced, diabetic, C57BL\/6 mice on a high-fat diet. Nutrition, 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111882"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","article-title":"Food Groups and Risk of Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"10","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.03.014","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-based meta-regression analysis of prospective studies","volume":"38","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.01141.x","article-title":"The influence of a (1\u21923)(1\u21924)-\u03b2-D-glucan rich fraction from barley on the physico-chemical properties and in vitro reducing sugars release of durum wheat pasta","volume":"41","author":"Cleary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.06.003","article-title":"Aquaculture waste production associated with antinutrient presence in common fish feed plant ingredients","volume":"495","author":"Kokou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00304-X","article-title":"Potential health impacts of excessive flavonoid intake","volume":"29","author":"Skibola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"150","article-title":"Quality characteristics of highland barley powder with different particle sizes","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Mach."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Study on the Structure and Functional Properties of Highland Barley Glutenin","volume":"38","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201300238","article-title":"Production, structure, physicochemical and functional properties of maize, cassava, wheat, potato and rice starches","volume":"67","author":"Waterschoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Starch-Starke"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira-Junior, A.S., Borgonovi, T.F., De Salis, L.V.V., Leite, A.Z., Dantas, A.S., De Salis, G.V.V., Cruz, G.N.F., De Oliveira, L.F.V., Gomes, E., and Penna, A.L.B. (2022). Detection of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Post-COVID-19 Patients One to Eight Months after Acute Disease Resolution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610189"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.05.004","article-title":"Interspecies commensal interactions have nonlinear impacts on host immunity","volume":"30","author":"Rice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Chen, B., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Zhang, F., Zhao, Q., Zhu, Y., Xue, Y., and Shen, Q. (2023). Effects of different foxtail millet additional amounts on the cognitive ability of mice. Food Biosci., 51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.102286"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3629","article-title":"Flavonoids contribute most to discriminating aged Guang Chenpi (Citrus reticulata Chachi\u2019) by spectrum-effect relationship analysis between LC-Q-Orbitrap\/MS fingerprint and ameliorating spleen deficiency activity","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Yang, R., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Yuan, H., Yang, Z., and Sun, L. (2020). Gut bacteria Akkermansia is associated with reduced risk of obesity: Evidence from the American Gut Project. Nutr. Metab., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00516-1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8659","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01713B","article-title":"Anti-fatigue property of the oyster polypeptide fraction and its effect on gut microbiota in mice","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:37:40Z","timestamp":1760027860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17040733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040733","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}}}