{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:38:47Z","timestamp":1790699927288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSIR","award":["HCP0024 (WP-03)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCP0024 (WP-03)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gracilaria species, a widely distributed genus of red macroalgae, have gathered significant attention for their diverse medical applications attributable to their bioactive sulphated polysaccharides (SPs). This review examines the global narrative of various Gracilaria SP applications in terms of their therapeutic potential and mechanistic insights into the use of these SPs against a range of medical conditions, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and immune dysfunctions. SPs extracted from G. lemaneiformis and G. fisheri have demonstrated potent anti-tumour activities by inducing apoptosis through various mechanisms, including the upregulation of CD8+ T cells and IL-2, inhibition of EGFR\/MAPK\/ERK signalling pathways, and activation of the Fas\/FasL pathway. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) conjugated with SPs further enhanced the targeted delivery and efficacy of these SPs against glioblastoma by the downregulation of ROS followed by the activation of p53, MAPK, and AKT pathways. The anti-inflammatory properties of SPs are evidenced by key suppressive inflammatory markers like NO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 in mutant rodent models. SPs from G. cornea and G. birdiae effectively reduce neutrophil migration and vascular permeability, offering potential treatments for acute inflammation and conditions such as colitis by modulating pathways involving COX-2 and NF-\u03baB. Neuroprotective effects by SPs (from G. cornea and G. gracili) studied in 6-OHDA-induced rats, which mitigate oxidative stress and enhance neuronal cell viability, facilitate the management of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s. Regarding the hypoglycaemic effect, SPs from G. lemaneiformis exhibit a glucose-modulating response by improving insulin regulation, inhibiting \u03b1-amylase activity, repairing pancreatic \u03b2-cells, and modulating lipid metabolism. Moreover, immunomodulatory activities of Gracilaria-derived SPs include the stimulation of macrophages, T-cell proliferation, and cytokine production, underscoring their potential as functional food and immunotherapeutic agents. Recently, Gracilaria-derived SPs have been found to modulate gut microbiota, promote SCFA production, and enhance gut microbials, suggesting their potential as prebiotic agents (G. rubra and G. lemaneiformis). This review highlights the multifaceted medical applications of Gracilaria sulphated polysaccharides, providing detailed mechanistic insights and suggesting avenues for future clinical translation and therapeutic innovations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:53:39Z","timestamp":1740027219000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Comprehensive, Analytical Narrative Review of Polysaccharides from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria: Pharmaceutical Applications and Mechanistic Insights for Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Deepesh","family":"Khandwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6644-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0342-010X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avinash","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO01185F","article-title":"The Hypoglycemic Effect of a Polysaccharide (GLP) from Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Its Degradation Products in Diabetic Mice","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, B., Chauhan, O.P., and Mishra, A. (2021). Edible Seaweeds: A Potential Novel Source of Bioactive Metabolites and Nutraceuticals with Human Health Benefits. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.740054"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1018121","article-title":"Immune-Modulating Activities of Polysaccharides Extracted from Brown Algae Hizikia fusiforme","volume":"79","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, J., Anil, S., and Kim, S.-K. (2017). Chapter 20\u2014Seaweed Polysaccharides and Their Production and Applications. Seaweed Polysaccharides, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809816-5.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmesh, S., and Singh, A. (2021). Agars: Properties and Applications. Polysaccharides, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119711414.ch5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14710\/ik.ijms.24.1.1-6","article-title":"Nutrient Composition of Dried Seaweed Gracilaria gracilis","volume":"24","author":"Rasyid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ilmu Kelaut. Indones. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.12.009","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Uses, Bioactivity Potential, and Chemical Diversity of the Genus Gracilaria (Gracilariales, rhodophyta)","volume":"37","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosemary, T., Arulkumar, A., Paramasivam, S., Mondragon-Portocarrero, A., and Miranda, J.M. (2019). Biochemical, Micronutrient and Physicochemical Properties of the Dried Red Seaweeds Gracilaria edulis and Gracilaria corticata. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24122225"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"528","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Bioactivities of Seaweed Polysaccharides","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112157","article-title":"Structural Characteristics and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of UV\/H2O2-Treated Algal Sulfated Polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis","volume":"152","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35729","article-title":"Antidiabetic Potentials of Crude and Purified Sulphated Polysaccharides Isolated from Gracilaria gracilis, a Seaweed from South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Pillay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.182","article-title":"Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Sulfated Galactan from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria fisheri","volume":"189","author":"Khongthong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasehinde, T.A., Olaniran, A.O., and Okoh, A.I. (2020). Sulfated Polysaccharides of Some Seaweeds Exhibit Neuroprotection via Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Cholinergic Dysfunction and Inhibition of Zn\u2014Induced Neuronal Damage in HT-22 Cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03047-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meinita, M.D.N., Harwanto, D., and Choi, J.-S. (2022). Seaweed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052638"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.07.001","article-title":"Agar Extraction Process for Gracilaria cliftonii (Withell, Millar, & Kraft, 1994)","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.02.010","article-title":"Sulfated Modification of Polysaccharides: Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivities","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-008-0186-1","article-title":"Study on Extraction of Agaropectin from Gelidium amansii and Its Anticoagulant Activity","volume":"26","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., and Liu, K. (2022). Research Progress in the Preparation, Structural Characterization, Bioactivities, and Potential Applications of Sulfated Agarans from the Genus Gracilaria. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14401"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.11.005","article-title":"Antioxidant and Immunostimulating Activities in Vitro of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from Gracilaria rubra","volume":"28","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100153","article-title":"Insights on Preparation, Structure and Activities of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharide","volume":"12","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2018.08.011","article-title":"Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Marine Algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis with Anti-Tumor Activity","volume":"73","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106221","article-title":"Sulfated Polysaccharide Extracted from Seaweed Gracilaria Caudata Attenuates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"111","author":"Dutra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13738","DOI":"10.1021\/am5031962","article-title":"Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharide as Integrin-Targeting Surface Decorator of Selenium Nanoparticles to Achieve Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.03.062","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activity of a Polysaccharide Isolated from Gracilaria lemaneiformis","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106048","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis Prevents Colitis in Balb\/c Mice via Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function and Attenuating Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"109","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.02.014","article-title":"Partial Characterization and Anti-Tumor Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis","volume":"88","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Wang, Z.-J., Xie, D., Sun, X., Yang, W., Zhao, X., and Xu, N. (2017). Characterization and Potential Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharide from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15040100"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9141","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA26970B","article-title":"Advantages of the Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis over Metformin in Antidiabetic Effects on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00811.x","article-title":"Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Sulphated Polysaccharides from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria cornea","volume":"110","author":"Coura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-011-0376-8","article-title":"The Involvement of the HO-1 Pathway in the Anti-Inflammatory Action of a Sulfated Polysaccharide Isolated from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria birdiae","volume":"60","author":"Fontes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12669","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Sulphated Agaran from Marine Alga Gracilaria cornea in Rat 6-Hydroxydopamine Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model: Behavioural, Neurochemical and Transcriptional Alterations","volume":"120","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Li, H., Wu, J., Xu, X., Sun, X., Zhao, X., and Xu, N. (2016). Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Antitumor Mechanism of Polysaccharide from Marine Algae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158279"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.244","article-title":"Synthesized Sulfated and Acetylated Derivatives of Polysaccharide Extracted from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and Their Potential Antioxidant and Immunological Activity","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00263D","article-title":"A Sulfated Polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis Regulates Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet Mice","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1209216","article-title":"Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Sulphated Polygalactans from Red Seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria opuntia","volume":"20","author":"Makkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3934\/bioeng.2016.4.425","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Dose Dependent Antimicrobial and Anti-Cancerous Activity of Phycogenic Silver Nanoparticles against Human Hepatic Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Line","volume":"3","author":"Supraja","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Bioeng"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.150539","article-title":"Cytotoxic Activity of Ten Algae from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea on Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines; MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D","volume":"7","author":"Erfani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.09.014","article-title":"Sulfated Galactans from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria Fisheri Exerts Anti-Migration Effect on Cholangiocarcinoma Cells","volume":"36","author":"Luplertlop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315","article-title":"An Insight into Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.1667","article-title":"In Vivo Macrophage-Stimulation Activity of the Enzyme-Degraded Water-Soluble Polysaccharide Fraction from a Marine Alga (Gracilaria verrucosa)","volume":"60","author":"YOSHIZAWA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0225-1","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Bertoluci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentati, F., Tounsi, L., Djomdi, D., Pierre, G., Delattre, C., Ursu, A.V., Fendri, I., Abdelkafi, S., and Michaud, P. (2020). Bioactive Polysaccharides from Seaweeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143152"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-018-2154-x","article-title":"Combined Effect of Icing Medium and Red Alga Gracilaria verrucosa on Shelf Life Extension of Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta)","volume":"11","author":"Arulkumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Viedma, J., Aguilera, J.M., Flores, M., Lemus-Mondaca, R., Larrazabal, M.J., Miranda, J.M., and Aubourg, S.P. (2021). Protective Effect of Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Extracts on Essential Dietary Components of Heat-Treated Salmon. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071108"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Miranda, J.M., Mondragon, A.D., Lamas, A., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Franco, C.M., and Cepeda, A. (2020). Potential Use of Marine Seaweeds as Prebiotics: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25041004"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109858","article-title":"Review of the Relationships among Polysaccharides, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health","volume":"140","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100197","article-title":"Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial Signature of Dysbiosis in Gut Microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.04.041","article-title":"The Beneficial Effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharides on Obesity and the Gut Microbiota in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.326098","article-title":"Gracilaria Fisheri Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Inflammation and Colonic Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Mice with Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Siringoringo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104021","article-title":"Oligosaccharides from Gracilaria fisheri Ameliorate Gastrointestinal Dysmotility and Gut Dysbiosis in Colitis Mice","volume":"71","author":"Peerakietkhajorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomartire, S., and Gon\u00e7alves, A.M.M. (2022). An Overview of Potential Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Pharmaceutical Applications. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020141"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.060","article-title":"Sulfated Polysaccharide from Gracilaria caudata Reduces Hypernociception and Inflammatory Response during Arthritis in Rodents","volume":"161","author":"Bingana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11911","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03132","article-title":"Red Algae Sulfated Polysaccharides Effervescent Tablets Attenuated Ovalbumin-Induced Anaphylaxis by Upregulating Regulatory T Cells in Mouse Models","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103652","article-title":"In Vitro Digestibility and Prebiotic Activities of a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis","volume":"64","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.10.040","article-title":"In Vitro Digestion by Saliva, Simulated Gastric and Small Intestinal Juices and Fermentation by Human Fecal Microbiota of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Gracilaria rubra","volume":"40","author":"Di","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:35Z","timestamp":1760027915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050744","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}