{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:06:27Z","timestamp":1774677987114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The nutritional status of patients in hospitals has a significant impact on the effectiveness of treatment, the occurrence of complications, and the length of hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with heart failure (HF) and its impact on patient outcomes. Material and Methods. This study included 213 patients (153 men, 71.8%) aged 74.7 \u00b1 14.3 years treated for HF at the cardiology clinic of the 4th Military Clinical Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Sociodemographics, clinical data, the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), CHILD-PUGH, and the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) were analyzed. Results. Patients at high nutritional risk (NRS \u2265 3 score) were older (85 years vs. 75 years; p &lt; 0.001), had longer hospitalizations (12 days vs. 9 days, p = 0.027), lower hemoglobin (10.5 g\/dL vs. 11.7 g\/dL, p = 0.001), lower TIBC (292 vs. 336; p = 0.012), and iron (32 mg\/nL vs. 39 ng\/mL, p = 0.009) compared with patients at low risk (NRS &lt; 3 score). Patients hospitalized \u22647 days had significantly lower CHILD-PUGH score compared with patients hospitalized &gt;7 days. Patients hospitalized \u226514 days were significantly more likely to die compared with other groups of HF patients (10.6% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.004). Conclusions. Abnormal nutritional status among hospitalized HF patients is associated with longer hospitalization duration and higher rates of death. In addition to clinical factors, the CHILD-PUGH scale can be helpful in estimating the length of hospitalization of HF patients. It is necessary to determine the impact of nutritional status on the outcome of patients with heart failure in further multicenter prospective or interventional studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1740124386000},"page":"761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Nutritional Status of Patients with Heart Failure and Its Impact on Patient\u2019 Outcomes\u2014The Center\u2019s Own Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u015awi\u0105toniowska-Lonc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek Aureliusz","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Klausa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u015aciborski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Banasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Doroszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases, 4th Military Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:25:2","article-title":"Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure","volume":"3","author":"Savarese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD (2018). 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789\u20131858."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025941","article-title":"Age-Specific Trends in Incidence, Mortality, and Comorbidities of Heart Failure in Denmark, 1995 to 2012","volume":"135","author":"Christiansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.03.006","article-title":"Temporal Trends in the Incidence of and Mortality Associated With Heart Failure With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"6","author":"Tsao","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022972","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022972","article-title":"Burden of Heart Failure in Flemish General Practices: A Registry-Based Study in the Intego Database","volume":"9","author":"Smeets","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32520-5","article-title":"Temporal Trends and Patterns in Heart Failure Incidence: A Population-Based Study of 4 Million Individuals","volume":"391","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego Niewydolno\u015b\u0107 Serca w Polsce; Asocjacja Niewydolno\u015bci Serca Polskiego. Available online: https:\/\/www.niewydolnosc-serca.pl\/doc\/ANS_raport_01.09_.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehac544.1080","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac544.1080","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes in Poland. National Database Study","volume":"43","author":"Podwojcic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Zhang, L., Yixi, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Yang, C., and Wang, M. (2024). The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Diet Low in Fiber among People Aged 60 Years and Older, 1990\u20132019: An Age\u2013Period\u2013Cohort Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19897-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.20.0165","article-title":"Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Dostdar-Rozbahani, A., Tadayon-Zadeh, F., Akbarpour-Beni, M., Pourkiani, M., Sadat-Razavi, F., Barfi, V., and Shahedi, V. (2022). Insufficient Level of Physical Activity and Its Effect on Health Costs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.937196"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e42616","article-title":"Impact of Lifestyle Modifications on Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Ghodeshwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.06.035","article-title":"A Global Perspective on Cardiovascular Disease in Vulnerable Populations","volume":"31","author":"Yeates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"124","author":"Gea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandri, E., Sguanci, M., Cant\u00edn Larumbe, E., Cerd\u00e1 Olmedo, G., Werner, L.U., Piredda, M., and Mancin, S. (2024). Plant-Based Diets versus the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Their Socio-Demographic Determinants in the Spanish Population: Influence on Health and Lifestyle Habits. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091278"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sam-Yellowe, T.Y. (2024). Nutritional Barriers to the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Non-Mediterranean Populations. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1733.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, O., and Adegboye, A.R.A. (2023). The Effects of Nutrition on Chronic Conditions. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051066"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal, N., Alharbi, A., Shah, M., Altorok, I., Assaly, R., and Altorok, N. (2024). Impact of Malnutrition on the Outcomes in Patients Admitted with Heart Failure. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144215"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00753-x","article-title":"Impact of Nutritional Status on Heart Failure Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Cottenet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehac544.1056","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac544.1056","article-title":"Malnutrition in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"43","author":"Weidenhammer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.014","article-title":"Inflammation in Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"75","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01962-w","article-title":"The Obesity Paradox and 90 Day Mortality in Chronic Critically Ill Patients: A Cohort Study Using a Large Clinical Database","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-022-02076-1","article-title":"Comorbidities Complicating Heart Failure: Changes over the Last 15 Years","volume":"112","author":"Screever","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy, M., Krysztofiak, H., Migaj, J., Wleklik, M., Dudek, M., Uchmanowicz, I., Lesiak, M., and Straburzy\u0144ska-Migaj, E. (2020). Relationship between Nutritional Status and Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction, with 1-Year Follow-Up. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082330"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817","article-title":"Transection of the Oesophagus for Bleeding Oesophageal Varices","volume":"60","author":"Pugh","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5852","article-title":"A Model to Predict Poor Survival in Patients Undergoing Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts","volume":"31","author":"Malinchoc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(02)00214-5","article-title":"Ad Hoc ESPEN Working Group Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002): A New Method Based on an Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"22","author":"Kondrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Scientific Research. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2024, November 17). Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241564854."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, November 17). Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030|PLOS Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrovola, D., Soulaidopoulos, S., Tsioufis, C., and Lazaros, G. (2023). The Role of Nutrition in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Concepts and Trends. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051064"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621417","article-title":"Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease among Men: Benefits among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications","volume":"114","author":"Chiuve","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-021-01642-y","article-title":"Lifestyle Management to Prevent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence and Challenges","volume":"30","author":"Mohammadnia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.11.010","article-title":"The Molecular Link between Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Target for New Therapies against Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Andreadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605231164548","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231164548","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"51","author":"Kosmas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caturano, A., Rocco, M., Tagliaferri, G., Piacevole, A., Nilo, D., Di Lorenzo, G., Iadicicco, I., Donnarumma, M., Galiero, R., and Acierno, C. (2025). Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010072"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01400-z","article-title":"Diabetic Vascular Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34906","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034906","article-title":"Heart Failure and Diabetes: Understanding the Bidirectional Relationship","volume":"102","author":"Elendu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5114\/jhi.2024.141201","article-title":"Recommendations on Dietary Treatment of Obesity in Adults: 2024 Position of the Polish Society of Dietetics","volume":"10","author":"Gajewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Inequal."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"19","article-title":"Malnutrition in Obesity: Is It Possible?","volume":"15","author":"Antosik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2009.11.001","article-title":"Prevalence of Malnutrition on Admission to Hospital\u2014Acute and Elective General Surgical Patients","volume":"5","author":"Kahokehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"e-SPEN Eur. E-J. Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2023.130632","article-title":"Malnutrition Risk in Elective Surgery Patients and Effectiveness of Preoperative Nutritional Interventions at a Pre-Anaesthetic Clinic: A 4-Year Apart, Single-Centre, Observational Study","volume":"55","author":"Kutnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol. Intensive Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e1370","article-title":"The use of meld score (model for end-stage liver disease) and derivatives in cardiac transplantation","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10073","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2022.10073","article-title":"Illness Perceptions and Medication Nonadherence to Immunosuppressants After Successful Kidney Transplantation: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2020.0559","article-title":"Comparison of Scores for Child-Pugh Criteria and Standard and Modified Models for End-Stage Liver Disease to Assess Cardiac Hepatopathy in Heart Transplant Recipients","volume":"19","author":"Naghashzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001345","article-title":"Predicting Patients at Risk for Prolonged Hospital Stays","volume":"58","author":"Doctoroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.10.019","article-title":"Poor Performance in Nutrition Risk Screening May Have Serious Consequences for Hospitalized Patients","volume":"41","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.07.016","article-title":"Time to Act!\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study on How Nutritional Risk Increases during Hospitalization and Associates with Worse Outcome","volume":"57","author":"Orell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, D., and Chen, H. (2024). Relationship between Serum Albumin Level and Hospitalization Duration Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74955-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2018.1521557","article-title":"Serum Albumin Level and Long-Term Outcome in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"74","author":"Ancion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6seo\u011flu, F.D., and \u00d6zlek, B. (2024). Anemia and Iron Deficiency Predict All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: 6-Year Follow-Up Study. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020209"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, G., Young, E., Butler, I., and Coe, S. (2021). The Impact of Lockdown During the COVID-19 Outbreak on Dietary Habits in Various Population Groups: A Scoping Review. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.626432"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.11.017","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Risk Factors: A New Troubling Normal That May Be Here to Stay","volume":"76","author":"Laddu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.10.384","article-title":"Self-Perceptions Of Lifestyle Changes During Covid-19, Adherence To Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviors And Their Association With Heart Failure-Related Quality Of Life","volume":"30","author":"Albert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"585","article-title":"Nurse Case Manager Lifestyle Medicine (NCMLM) in the Type Two Diabetes Patient Concerning Post COVID-19 Pandemic Management: Integrated-Scoping Literature Review","volume":"34","author":"Cangelosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunit\u00e0"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.025","article-title":"Nutrition Assessment and Dietary Interventions in Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"79","author":"Driggin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2021.10.2.172","article-title":"Nutrition Intervention Process for Heart Failure Patients According to Their Nutritional Problems","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.07.011","article-title":"ESPEN Practical and Partially Revised Guideline: Clinical Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"42","author":"Singer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:39:40Z","timestamp":1760027980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050761","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}}}